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Affixes and roots*1
Affixes and roots
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| dis- | reverses the meaning of the verb | disappear, disallow, disarm, disconnect, discontinue |
| over- | too much | overbook, oversleep, overwork |
| un- | reverses the meaning of the verb | unbend, uncouple, unfasten |
| mis- | badly or wrongly | mislead, misinform, misidentify |
| out- | more or better than others | outperform, outbid |
| be- | make or cause | befriend, belittle |
| co- | together | co-exist, co-operate, co-own |
| de- | do the opposite of | devalue, deselect |
| fore- | earlier, before | foreclose, foresee |
| inter- | between | interact, intermix, interface |
| pre- | before | pre-expose, prejudge, pretest |
| sub- | under/below | subcontract, subdivide |
| trans- | across, over | transform, transcribe, transplant |
| -ise | cause to be | stabilise, characterise, symbolise, visualise, specialise |
| -ate | cause to be | differentiate, liquidate, pollinate, duplicate, fabricate |
| -fy | cause to be | classify, exemplify, simplify, justify |
| -en | cause to be | awaken, fasten, shorten, moisten |
| anti- | against | anticlimax, antidote, antithesis |
| bi- | two | bilingualism, biculturalism, bi-metalism |
| co- | joint | co-founder, co-owner, co-descendant |
| counter- | against | counter-argument, counter-example, counter-proposal |
| dis- | the converse of | discomfort, dislike |
| ex- | former | ex-chairman, ex-hunter |
| hyper- | extreme | hyperinflation, hypersurface |
| in- | the converse of | inattention, incoherence, incompatibility |
| in- | inside | inpatient, |
| inter- | between | interaction, inter-change, interference |
| kilo- | thousand | kilobyte |
| mal- | bad | malfunction, maltreatment, malnutrition |
| mega- | million | megabyte |
| mis- | wrong | misconduct, misdeed, mismanagement |
| mini- | small | mini-publication, mini-theory |
| mono- | one | monosyllable, monograph, monogamy |
| neo- | new | neo-colonialism, neo-impressionism |
| out- | separate | outbuilding, |
| poly- | many | polysyllable |
| pseudo- | FALSE | pseudo-expert |
| re- | again | re-organisation, re-assessment, re-examination |
| semi- | half | semicircle, semi-darkness |
| sub- | below | subset, subdivision |
| super- | more than, above | superset, superimposition, superpowers |
| tele- | distant | telecommunications, |
| tri- | three | tripartism |
| ultra- | beyond | ultrasound |
| under- | below, too little | underpayment, under-development, undergraduate |
| vice- | deputy | vice-president |
| -tion | action/instance of V-ing | alteration, demonstration |
| -sion | action/instance of V-ing | expansion, inclusion, admission |
| -er | person who V-s | advertiser, driver |
| -er | something used for V-ing | computer, silencer |
| -ment | action/instance of V-ing | development, punishment, unemployment |
| -ant | person who V-s | assistant, consultant |
| -ent | person who V-s | student |
| -age | action/result of V | breakage, wastage, package |
| -al | action/result of V | denial, proposal, refusal, dismissal |
| -ence | action/result of V | preference, dependence, interference |
| -ance | action/result of V | attendance, acceptance, endurance |
| -ery/-ry | action/instance of V-ing | bribery, robbery, misery |
| -ery/-ry | place of V-ing | refinery, bakery |
| -er | person concerned with N | astronomer, geographer |
| -ism | doctrine of N | Marxism, Maoism, Thatcherism |
| -ship | state of being N | friendship, citizenship, leadership |
| -age | collection of N | baggage, plumage |
| -ity | state or quality of being A | ability, similarity, responsibility, curiosity |
| -ness | state or quality of being A | darkness, preparedness, consciousness |
| -cy | state or quality of being A | urgency, efficiency, frequency |
| -al | make ajective | central, political, national, optional, professional |
| -ent | make ajective | different, dependent, excellent |
| -ive | make ajective | attractive, effective, imaginative, repetitive |
| -ous | make ajective | continuous, dangerous, famous |
| -ful | make ajective | beautiful, peaceful, careful |
| -less | make ajective | endless, homeless, careless, thoughtless |
| -able | make ajective | drinkable, countable, avoidable, |
| un- | make negative ajective | unfortunate, uncomfortable, unjust |
| im-/in-/ir-/il- | make negative ajective | immature, impatient, improbable, inconvenient, irreplaceable, illegal |
| non- | make negative ajective | non-fiction, non-political, non-neutral |
| dis- | make negative ajective | disloyal, dissimilar, dishonest |
| Aqua | water | Aquamarine |
| Arbor | tree | Arboreal |
| Audio | sound or hearing | Audible |
| Bell | war | Bellicism |
| Dict | say | Dictation |
| Geo | earth | Geography |
| Graph | write | Graphics |
| Hydra | water | Hydrofoil |
| Man | hand | Manual |
| Min | small | Minimal |
| Nov | new | Novice |
| Path | feeling or suffering | Pathetic and Apathy |
| Sol | sun | Solar |
| Therm | heat | Thermometer |
| Vac | empty | Vacuum |
| Vent | opening to let air in | Ventilate |
| Vit | life | Vitamin |
| Acri | bitter | Acrimony |
| Carn | flesh | Carnivorous |
| Corp | body | Corporal punishment |
| Deca | ten | Decade |
| Erg | work | Energy |
| Gen | birth | Genesis |
| Lum | light | Luminary |
| Sen | old | Senior |
| Tele | far | Telephone |
| Vor | eat greedily | Devour |
| Act | to move or do | Action, activity and transaction |
| Ambul | move or walk | Amble, ambulant, ambulate |
| Auto | self or same | Autocrat, automatic |
| Cardio | heart | Cardiovascular, cardiology |
| Cede | go | Exceed, recede, accessible |
| Counter | against or opposite | Counteract, counterpoint and counterargument |
| Demo | people | Democracy, democrat and demographic |
| Derma | skin | Dermatology, epidermis |
| Equi | equal | Equity, equilateral and equidistant |
| Ex | out or away | Exit, extract and explosion |
| Extra | outside | Extraordinary, extraterrestrial |
| Hypno | sleep | Hypnosis, hypnotic |
| In and im | not | Impossible and innocent |
| Intra | within or into | Intrapersonal, intramural and intravenous |
| Ject | to throw | Reject, eject and inject |
| Mal | bad | Malignant, malfunction and malice |
| Mangi | big or great | Magnificent, magnify |
| Multi | many | Multiple, multifaceted and multilingual |
| Omni | all | Omnipotent, omnipresent and omnivore |
| Poly | many | Polygamous, polychrome and polytheist |
| Script | write | Manuscript, postscript |
| Sect | cut | Intersect, dissect and section |
| Semi | half | Semicircle and semifinalist |
| Un | not | Unfinished, uncooked and unreadable |
| Vis, vid | see | Envision, evident |
| a, an | not, without | atheist, anarchy, anonymous apathy, aphasia, anemia, atypical, anesthesia |
| ab | away, down, from, off | absent, abduction, aberrant, abstemious, abnormal, abstract, absorb |
| acro | high, tip, top | acrobat, acrophobia, acronym, acromegaly, acropolis |
| act | do, move | action, react, transaction, proactive, activity, activation, deactivate |
| ad | to, toward | admit, addition, advertisement, adherent, admonish, address, adhesive, adept, adjust |
| alt | high | altitude, altimeter, alto, contralto, altocumulus, exalt |
| ambul | to walk | ambulatory, amble, ambulance, somnambulist, perambulate, preamble |
| anima | soul, life | animation, inanimate, animal, anime, equanimity, animism, animus |
| ante | before | anteroom, antebellum, antedate antecedent, antediluvian |
| anti, ant | against, opposite | antisocial, antiseptic, antithesis, antibody, antichrist, antinomies, antifreeze, antipathy, antigen, antibiotic, antidote, antifungal, antidepressant |
| arm | weapon | army, armament, disarm, rearm, armistice, armor, armory, arms |
| audi | to hear | audience, auditory, audible, auditorium, audiovisual, audition, audiobook |
| auto | self | automobile, automatic, autograph, autonomous, autoimmune, autopilot, autobiography |
| be | thoroughly | bedecked, besmirch, besprinkled, begrudge, begrime, belie, bemoan |
| bell | war | belligerent, antebellum, bellicose, rebel |
| bene | good, well | benefactor, beneficial, benevolent, benediction, beneficiary, benefit |
| bi | two | bicycle, bifocals, biceps, billion, binary, bivalve, bimonthly, bigamy, bimetal, biathlete, bicarbonate |
| bio | life, living | biology, biography, biodiversity, bioavailability, bioflavonoid, biofuel, biohazard, biomass, biorhythm |
| cede, ceed, cess | to go, to yield | succeed, proceed, precede, recede, secession, exceed, succession, excess |
| chron | time | chronology, chronic, chronicle, chronometer, anachronism |
| circum | around | circumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance, circumcision, circumference, circumorbital, circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe, circulatory |
| clud, clus claus | to close | include, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose, exclusive, reclusive, conclude, preclude |
| con, com | with, together | convene, compress, contemporary, converge, compact, confluence, concatenate, conjoin, combine, convert, compatible, consequence, contract |
| contra, counter | against, opposite | contradict, counteract, contravene, contrary, counterspy, contrapuntal, contraband, contraception, contrast, controversy, counterfeit, counterclaim, counterargument, counterclaim, counterpoint, counterrevolution |
| cred | to believe | credo, credible, credence, credit, credential, credulity, incredulous, creed, incredible |
| commun | to share | commune, community, communism, communicable, communication, commonality, incommunicado |
| cycl | circle, wheel | bicycle, cyclical, cycle, encliclical, motorcycle, tricycle, cyclone |
| de | from, down, away | detach, deploy, derange, deodorize, devoid, deflate, degenerate, deice, descend, derail, depress, depart, decompose, destruction |
| dei, div | God, god | divinity, divine, deity, divination, deify, deism |
| demo | people | democracy, demagogue, epidemic, demographic, endemic |
| dia | through, across, between | diameter, diagonal, dialogue, dialect, dialectic, diagnosis, diachronic, diagram, diaphragm, dialysis, diarrhea |
| dict | speak | predict, verdict, malediction, dictionary, dictate, dictum, diction, indict, contradict |
| dis, dys, dif | away, not, negative | dismiss, differ, disallow, disperse, dissuade, disconnect, dysfunction, disproportion, disrespect, distemper, distaste, disarray, dyslexia |
| duc, duct | to lead, pull | produce, abduct, product, transducer, viaduct, aqueduct, induct, deduct, reduce, induce |
| dyn, dyna | power | dynamic, dynamometer, heterodyne, dynamite, dynamo, dynasty |
| ecto | outside, external | ectomorph, ectoderm, ectoplasm, ectopic, ectothermal |
| endo | inside, within | endotoxin, endoscope, endogenous |
| equi | equal | equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equitable, equation, equator |
| e, ex | out, away, from | emit, expulsion, exhale, exit, express, exclusive, enervate, exceed, explosion, eject, exude |
| eu | good, pleasant | euphoria, euphemism, eustress, euphonic, eukaryote |
| exter, extra | outside of | external, extrinsic, exterior, extraordinary, extrabiblical, extracurricular, extrapolate, extraneous, exterminator, extract, extradite, extraterrestrial, extrasensory, extravagant, extreme |
| flu, flux | flow | effluence, influence, effluvium, fluctuate, confluence, reflux, influx |
| flect, flex | to bend | flexible, reflection, deflect, circumflex, inflection, reflex |
| graph, gram | to write | polygraph, grammar, biography, graphite, telegram, autograph, lithograph, historiography, graphic, electrocardiogram, monogram |
| hetero | other | heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodyne |
| homo | same | homogenized, homosexual, homonym, homophone |
| hyper | over, above | hyperactive, hypertensive, hyperbolic, hypersensitive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic, hyperlink, hypertext, hypersonic, hypertrophy |
| hypo | below, less than | hypotension, hypodermic, hypoglycemia, hypoallergenic, hypothermia, hypothesis |
| in, im | not | inviolate, innocuous, intractable, innocent, impregnable, impossible, incapable, incoherent, impassible, impotent |
| infra | beneath | infrared, infrastructure, infrasonic |
| inter, intro | between | international, intercept, intermission, interoffice, internal, intermittent, introvert, introduce |
| intra | within, into | intranet, intracranial, intravenous, intramural, intramuscular, intraocular |
| jac, ject | to throw | reject, eject, project, trajectory, interject, dejected, inject, ejaculate |
| log, logo, loc. loq | word, speech, speak | monologue, dialogue, locution, colloquial, elocution, soliloquy, ventriloquist, apology, doxology, epilogue, logic, eulogy, loquacious |
| mal | bad, badly | malformation, maladjusted, dismal, malady, malcontent, malfeasance, maleficent, malevolent, malice, malaria, malfunction, malignant |
| mega | great, million | megaphone, megalomaniac, megabyte, megalopolis, acromegaly |
| meso | middle | mesomorph, mesoamerica, mesosphere |
| meta | beyond, change | metaphor, metamorphosis, metabolism, metahistorical, metainformation, metacognitive, metaphysics |
| meter | measure | perimeter, micrometer, ammeter, multimeter, altimeter, geometry, kilometer |
| micro | small | microscope, microprocessor, microfiche, micrometer, micrograph |
| mis | bad, badly | misinform, misinterpret, mispronounce, misnomer, mistake, misogynist, mistrial, misadventure, misanthrope, misread |
| mit, miss | to send | transmit, permit, missile, missionary, remit, admit, missive, mission |
| morph | shape | polymorphic, morpheme, amorphous, metamorphosis, morphology, morphing |
| multi | many | multitude, multipartite, multiply, multipurpose, multicolored, multimedia, multinational |
| neo | new | neologism, neonate, neoclassic, neophyte |
| non | not | nonferrous, nonabrasive, nondescript, nonfat, nonfiction, nonprofit, nonsense, nonentity |
| omni | all | omnipotent, omnivorous, omniscient, omnibus, omnirange, omnipresent |
| pan | all, whole, general, completely | pantheism, pandemic, panacea, panoply, pan-American, panchromatic, pandemonium, panorama |
| para | beside | paraprofessional, paramedic, paraphrase, parachute, paralegal, parallel, comparison |
| per | through, intensive | permit, perspire, perforate, persuade, perceive, perfect, permit, perform, pervasive |
| peri | around | periscope, perimeter, perigee, periodontal, pericope |
| phon | sound | telephone, phonics, phonograph, phonetic, homophone, microphone |
| phot | light | photograph, photosynthesis, photon |
| poly | many | polytheist, polygon, polygamy, polymorphous |
| port | to carry | porter, portable, report, transportation, deport, import, export |
| re | back, again | report, realign, retract, revise, regain, reflect, rename, restate, recombine, recalculate, redo |
| retro | backwards | retrorocket, retrospect, retrogression, retroactive |
| sanct | holy | sanctify, sanctuary, sanction, sanctimonious, sacrosanct |
| scrib, script | to write | inscription, prescribe, proscribe, manuscript, conscript, scribble, scribe |
| sect, sec | cut | intersect, transect, dissect, secant, section |
| semi | half | semifinal, semiconscious, semiannual, semimonthly, semicircle |
| spect | to look | inspect, spectator, circumspect, retrospect, prospect, spectacle |
| sub | under, below | submerge, submarine, substandard, subnormal, subvert, subdivision, submersible, submit |
| super, supra | above | superior, suprarenal, superscript, supernatural, supercede, superficial, superhero, superimpose |
| syn | together | synthesis, synchronous, syndicate, synergy, snyopsis, syncretism |
| tele | distance, from afar | television, telephone, telegraph, telemetry, telepathy |
| theo, the | God | theology, theist, polytheist, pantheism, atheist, monotheist, theophany |
| therm, thermo | heat | thermal, thermometer, thermocouple, thermodynamic, thermoelectric |
| tract | to drag, draw | attract, tractor, traction, extract, retract, protract, detract, subtract, contract, intractable |
| trans | across | transoceanic, transmit, transport, transducer, transit, intransitive |
| un | not | uncooked, unharmed, unintended, unhappy, unenlightened, unremarkable |
| veh, vect, vey | to carry | vector, vehicle, convection, vehement, convey, conveyance, conveyor |
| vert, vers | to turn | convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert, reversion, extravert, introvert |
| ven, vent | to come | convention, prevent, intervention, convent, Advent, invent, inventory |
| verm | worm | vermin, vermicelli, vermiculite, vermicide, vermiform, vermilion |
| vita | life | vital, vitality, vitamins, revitalize |
| vol | to will | benevolent, volition, voluntary, malevolent |
| mono, uni | one | monopoly, monotype, monologue, mononucleosis, monorail, monotheist, unilateral, universal, unity, unanimous, uniform |
| bi, di | two | divide, diverge, diglycerides, bifurcate, biweekly, bivalve, biannual, billion |
| tri | three | triangle, trinity, trilateral, triumvirate, tribune, trilogy, tricycle, trillion |
| quat, quad | four | quadrangle, quadruplets, quaternary, quarter, quadrillion |
| quint, penta | five | quintet, quintuplets, pentagon, pentane, pentameter, quintillion |
| hex, ses, sex | six | hexagon, hexameter, sestet, sextuplets, sextillion |
| sept | seven | septet, septennial, septillion, September |
| oct | eight | octopus, octagon, octogenarian, octave, octillion, October |
| non | nine | nonagon, nonagenarian, nonillion |
| dec | ten | decimal, decade, decalogue, decimate, decillion, December |
| cent | hundred | centennial, century, centipede, centillion |
| mill, kilo | thousand (10^3) | millennium, kilobyte, kiloton |
| mega | million (10^6) | megabyte, megaton, megaflop, megawatt |
| giga | billion (10^9) | gigabyte, gigaflop, gigahertz, gigawatt |
| tera | trillion (10^12) | terabyte, teraflop, terawatt |
| peta | quadrillion (10^15) | petabyte |
| exa | quintillion (10^18) | exabyte |
| zetta | sextillion (10^21) | zettabyte |
| yotta | septilion (10^24) | yottabyte |
| milli | thousandth (10^-3) | millisecond, milligram, millivolt, milliwatt, millimeter, millipede |
| micro | millionth (10^-6) | microgram, microvolt, microwave, microsecond |
| nano | billionth (10^-9) | nanosecond, nanobucks, nanofarad, nanometer, nanomachine, nanotube, nanotechnology, nanogram, nanoscale |
| pico | trillionth (10^-12) | picofarad, picocurie, picogram, picomole, picosecond |
| femto | quadrillionth (10^-15) | femtosecond |
| atto | quintillionth (10^-18) | attosecond, attometer |
| zepto | sextillionth (10^-21) | zeptosecond |
| yocto | septillionth (10^-24) | yoctosecond |
| able, ible | able to be, capable of being | pourable, drinkable, readable, washable, curable, visible, flexible, collectible |
| ance, ancy | state of, process of | performance, reliance, defiance, radiance, acceptance, ascendancy, discrepancy, infancy |
| ator | one who does [the verb] | terminator, culminator, agitator, instigator, generator, incubator, accelerator, invigorator, elevator |
| dom | condition, office, state | kingdom, freedom, wisdom, sheikdom, fiefdom, sheikdom |
| ee | one who receives | payee, mortgagee, employee, appointee, abductee, examinee, referee, refugee |
| er, or | one who does [the verb] | driver, hiker, reader, manager, polisher, speaker, counselor, author, creator, director, sculptor |
| ful | filled with | frightful, delightful, wonderful, cupful, wakeful, bashful, bountiful, beautiful, cheerful, colorful, dreadful, fateful |
| ify | to make into | purify, deify, simplify, clarify, petrify, reify, exemplify, pacify |
| ification | process of making into | purification, deification, simplifiction, clarification, petrification |
| ish | the nature of, resembling | Cornish, Irish, bookish, freakish, foolish, boorish, selfish, sluggish, priggish |
| ism | doctrine, system, characteristic quality | capitalism, heroism, optimism, skepticism, realism, patriotism, communism, idealism, conservatism |
| ist | one who performs; an adherent of an ism | tympanist, cellist, idealist, communist, realist, moralist, pharamacist, pragmatist |
| ize | to make into | rationalize, normalize, realize, capitalize, sterilize, dramatize, utilize, colorize |
| ization | the process of making into | rationalization, normalization, realization, capitalization, dramatization |
| less | without, lacking | loveless, fearless, worthless, nameless, baseless, bottomless, effortless, friendless, noiseless, harmless |
| agon | to struggle | agony, protagonist, antagonist, agony, agonize, |
| alg | pain | neuralgia, analgesic, nostalgic, |
| alter | other | alternative, alternator, alteration, altercation, alternate, |
| am | friend | amiable, amorous, amity, enamored, paramour, amicable |
| ambi | both | ambidextrous, ambivalent, ambiguous, ambient |
| anim | alive | animated, animal, inanimate, animator, anime, animation, reanimate |
| anthrop | mankind | anthropology, anthropomorphic, philanthrophy, misanthranthropology, anthropomorphic, philanthrophy, misanthropy |
| eu | good, well | euphoria, eulogy, euphemism, eugenics, eucalyptus, eukaryote, eurythmics, euthanasia |
| fore | before, front | forecast, forefather, foretaste, forehead, foreman, foreboding, forecastle, forearm, forebear, foreclose, foredoom, forego, forefoot, foreground, forehand, foreknowledge, foremost, foreordain, forerunner, foresee, foreshoren, foretell |
| ortho | straight | orthodontics, orthodox, orthopedic, orthoscopic, orthostatic |
| post | after | postscript, postconsumer, postdoctoral, posterior, postimpact, postfeminism, postgraduate, posthumous, postimpressionism, postlude, postmodernism, postpone, postproduction |
| pre | before, in front of | prefix, predict, prelude, predetermined, preamplifier, predestination, prebiotic, preclude, predate, predisposed, preempt, preference, prefigure, prefrontal, preheat, prehistory, presell, presumptuous, prevent, previous, pretext, pretentious, pretend |
| pro | forward | propel, proceed, produce, promote, project, proclaim, procession, profess, proffer, professor, proficient, profile, profound, profuse, progenitor, progress, prolapse, prolegomenon, prolific, prologue, prolong, pronation, pronounce |
| proto | first, earliest | prototype, protoplasm, protohistory, protocol, protogalaxy, proton, prototypical, protozoa |
| quasi | approximately, resembling, to some degree | quasiperiodical, quasiparticle, quasi-governmental, quasi-scientific, quasi-judicial, quasi-stellar, quasi-public |
| ultra | beyond, extremely | ultraviolet, ultrasonic, ultramarine, ultrafine, ultrasensitive, ultrawide, ultrapure, ultraquiet |
| under | beneath, below, too little | undercoat, underwear, underestimate, underbid, underexpose, undercut, underclassmen, undernourished |
| re | again or back | restructure, revisit, reappear, rebuild, refinance |
Created by:
kangwoo
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