reverses the meaning of the verb

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Affixes and roots*1

Affixes and roots

Question	Answer
dis-	reverses the meaning of the verb	disappear, disallow, disarm, disconnect, discontinue
over-	too much	overbook, oversleep, overwork
un-	reverses the meaning of the verb	unbend, uncouple, unfasten
mis-	badly or wrongly	mislead, misinform, misidentify
out-	more or better than others	outperform, outbid
be-	make or cause	befriend, belittle
co-	together	co-exist, co-operate, co-own
de-	do the opposite of	devalue, deselect
fore-	earlier, before	foreclose, foresee
inter-	between	interact, intermix, interface
pre-	before	pre-expose, prejudge, pretest
sub-	under/below	subcontract, subdivide
trans-	across, over	transform, transcribe, transplant
-ise	cause to be	stabilise, characterise, symbolise, visualise, specialise
-ate	cause to be	differentiate, liquidate, pollinate, duplicate, fabricate
-fy	cause to be	classify, exemplify, simplify, justify
-en	cause to be	awaken, fasten, shorten, moisten
anti-	against	anticlimax, antidote, antithesis
bi-	two	bilingualism, biculturalism, bi-metalism
co-	joint	co-founder, co-owner, co-descendant
counter-	against	counter-argument, counter-example, counter-proposal
dis-	the converse of	discomfort, dislike
ex-	former	ex-chairman, ex-hunter
hyper-	extreme	hyperinflation, hypersurface
in-	the converse of	inattention, incoherence, incompatibility
in-	inside	inpatient,
inter-	between	interaction, inter-change, interference
kilo-	thousand	kilobyte
mal-	bad	malfunction, maltreatment, malnutrition
mega-	million	megabyte
mis-	wrong	misconduct, misdeed, mismanagement
mini-	small	mini-publication, mini-theory
mono-	one	monosyllable, monograph, monogamy
neo-	new	neo-colonialism, neo-impressionism
out-	separate	outbuilding,
poly-	many	polysyllable
pseudo-	FALSE	pseudo-expert
re-	again	re-organisation, re-assessment, re-examination
semi-	half	semicircle, semi-darkness
sub-	below	subset, subdivision
super-	more than, above	superset, superimposition, superpowers
tele-	distant	telecommunications,
tri-	three	tripartism
ultra-	beyond	ultrasound
under-	below, too little	underpayment, under-development, undergraduate
vice-	deputy	vice-president
-tion	action/instance of V-ing	alteration, demonstration
-sion	action/instance of V-ing	expansion, inclusion, admission
-er	person who V-s	advertiser, driver
-er	something used for V-ing	computer, silencer
-ment	action/instance of V-ing	development, punishment, unemployment
-ant	person who V-s	assistant, consultant
-ent	person who V-s	student
-age	action/result of V	breakage, wastage, package
-al	action/result of V	denial, proposal, refusal, dismissal
-ence	action/result of V	preference, dependence, interference
-ance	action/result of V	attendance, acceptance, endurance
-ery/-ry	action/instance of V-ing	bribery, robbery, misery
-ery/-ry	place of V-ing	refinery, bakery
-er	person concerned with N	astronomer, geographer
-ism	doctrine of N	Marxism, Maoism, Thatcherism
-ship	state of being N	friendship, citizenship, leadership
-age	collection of N	baggage, plumage
-ity	state or quality of being A	ability, similarity, responsibility, curiosity
-ness	state or quality of being A	darkness, preparedness, consciousness
-cy	state or quality of being A	urgency, efficiency, frequency
-al	make ajective	central, political, national, optional, professional
-ent	make ajective	different, dependent, excellent
-ive	make ajective	attractive, effective, imaginative, repetitive
-ous	make ajective	continuous, dangerous, famous
-ful	make ajective	beautiful, peaceful, careful
-less	make ajective	endless, homeless, careless, thoughtless
-able	make ajective	drinkable, countable, avoidable,
un-	make negative ajective	unfortunate, uncomfortable, unjust
im-/in-/ir-/il-	make negative ajective	immature, impatient, improbable, inconvenient, irreplaceable, illegal
non-	make negative ajective	non-fiction, non-political, non-neutral
dis-	make negative ajective	disloyal, dissimilar, dishonest
Aqua	water	Aquamarine
Arbor	tree	Arboreal
Audio	sound or hearing	Audible
Bell	war	Bellicism
Dict	say	Dictation
Geo	earth	Geography
Graph	write	Graphics
Hydra	water	Hydrofoil
Man	hand	Manual
Min	small	Minimal
Nov	new	Novice
Path	feeling or suffering	Pathetic and Apathy
Sol	sun	Solar
Therm	heat	Thermometer
Vac	empty	Vacuum
Vent	opening to let air in	Ventilate
Vit	life	Vitamin
Acri	bitter	Acrimony
Carn	flesh	Carnivorous
Corp	body	Corporal punishment
Deca	ten	Decade
Erg	work	Energy
Gen	birth	Genesis
Lum	light	Luminary
Sen	old	Senior
Tele	far	Telephone
Vor	eat greedily	Devour
Act	to move or do	Action, activity and transaction
Ambul	move or walk	Amble, ambulant, ambulate
Auto	self or same	Autocrat, automatic
Cardio	heart	Cardiovascular, cardiology
Cede	go	Exceed, recede, accessible
Counter	against or opposite	Counteract, counterpoint and counterargument
Demo	people	Democracy, democrat and demographic
Derma	skin	Dermatology, epidermis
Equi	equal	Equity, equilateral and equidistant
Ex	out or away	Exit, extract and explosion
Extra	outside	Extraordinary, extraterrestrial
Hypno	sleep	Hypnosis, hypnotic
In and im	not	Impossible and innocent
Intra	within or into	Intrapersonal, intramural and intravenous
Ject	to throw	Reject, eject and inject
Mal	bad	Malignant, malfunction and malice
Mangi	big or great	Magnificent, magnify
Multi	many	Multiple, multifaceted and multilingual
Omni	all	Omnipotent, omnipresent and omnivore
Poly	many	Polygamous, polychrome and polytheist
Script	write	Manuscript, postscript
Sect	cut	Intersect, dissect and section
Semi	half	Semicircle and semifinalist
Un	not	Unfinished, uncooked and unreadable
Vis, vid	see	Envision, evident
a, an	not, without	atheist, anarchy, anonymous apathy, aphasia, anemia, atypical, anesthesia
ab	away, down, from, off	absent, abduction, aberrant, abstemious, abnormal, abstract, absorb
acro	high, tip, top	acrobat, acrophobia, acronym, acromegaly, acropolis
act	do, move	action, react, transaction, proactive, activity, activation, deactivate
ad	to, toward	admit, addition, advertisement, adherent, admonish, address, adhesive, adept, adjust
alt	high	altitude, altimeter, alto, contralto, altocumulus, exalt
ambul	to walk	ambulatory, amble, ambulance, somnambulist, perambulate, preamble
anima	soul, life	animation, inanimate, animal, anime, equanimity, animism, animus
ante	before	anteroom, antebellum, antedate antecedent, antediluvian
anti, ant	against, opposite	antisocial, antiseptic, antithesis, antibody, antichrist, antinomies, antifreeze, antipathy, antigen, antibiotic, antidote, antifungal, antidepressant
arm	weapon	army, armament, disarm, rearm, armistice, armor, armory, arms
audi	to hear	audience, auditory, audible, auditorium, audiovisual, audition, audiobook
auto	self	automobile, automatic, autograph, autonomous, autoimmune, autopilot, autobiography
be	thoroughly	bedecked, besmirch, besprinkled, begrudge, begrime, belie, bemoan
bell	war	belligerent, antebellum, bellicose, rebel
bene	good, well	benefactor, beneficial, benevolent, benediction, beneficiary, benefit
bi	two	bicycle, bifocals, biceps, billion, binary, bivalve, bimonthly, bigamy, bimetal, biathlete, bicarbonate
bio	life, living	biology, biography, biodiversity, bioavailability, bioflavonoid, biofuel, biohazard, biomass, biorhythm
cede, ceed, cess	to go, to yield	succeed, proceed, precede, recede, secession, exceed, succession, excess
chron	time	chronology, chronic, chronicle, chronometer, anachronism
circum	around	circumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance, circumcision, circumference, circumorbital, circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe, circulatory
clud, clus claus	to close	include, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose, exclusive, reclusive, conclude, preclude
con, com	with, together	convene, compress, contemporary, converge, compact, confluence, concatenate, conjoin, combine, convert, compatible, consequence, contract
contra, counter	against, opposite	contradict, counteract, contravene, contrary, counterspy, contrapuntal, contraband, contraception, contrast, controversy, counterfeit, counterclaim, counterargument, counterclaim, counterpoint, counterrevolution
cred	to believe	credo, credible, credence, credit, credential, credulity, incredulous, creed, incredible
commun	to share	commune, community, communism, communicable, communication, commonality, incommunicado
cycl	circle, wheel	bicycle, cyclical, cycle, encliclical, motorcycle, tricycle, cyclone
de	from, down, away	detach, deploy, derange, deodorize, devoid, deflate, degenerate, deice, descend, derail, depress, depart, decompose, destruction
dei, div	God, god	divinity, divine, deity, divination, deify, deism
demo	people	democracy, demagogue, epidemic, demographic, endemic
dia	through, across, between	diameter, diagonal, dialogue, dialect, dialectic, diagnosis, diachronic, diagram, diaphragm, dialysis, diarrhea
dict	speak	predict, verdict, malediction, dictionary, dictate, dictum, diction, indict, contradict
dis, dys, dif	away, not, negative	dismiss, differ, disallow, disperse, dissuade, disconnect, dysfunction, disproportion, disrespect, distemper, distaste, disarray, dyslexia
duc, duct	to lead, pull	produce, abduct, product, transducer, viaduct, aqueduct, induct, deduct, reduce, induce
dyn, dyna	power	dynamic, dynamometer, heterodyne, dynamite, dynamo, dynasty
ecto	outside, external	ectomorph, ectoderm, ectoplasm, ectopic, ectothermal
endo	inside, within	endotoxin, endoscope, endogenous
equi	equal	equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equitable, equation, equator
e, ex	out, away, from	emit, expulsion, exhale, exit, express, exclusive, enervate, exceed, explosion, eject, exude
eu	good, pleasant	euphoria, euphemism, eustress, euphonic, eukaryote
exter, extra	outside of	external, extrinsic, exterior, extraordinary, extrabiblical, extracurricular, extrapolate, extraneous, exterminator, extract, extradite, extraterrestrial, extrasensory, extravagant, extreme
flu, flux	flow	effluence, influence, effluvium, fluctuate, confluence, reflux, influx
flect, flex	to bend	flexible, reflection, deflect, circumflex, inflection, reflex
graph, gram	to write	polygraph, grammar, biography, graphite, telegram, autograph, lithograph, historiography, graphic, electrocardiogram, monogram
hetero	other	heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodyne
homo	same	homogenized, homosexual, homonym, homophone
hyper	over, above	hyperactive, hypertensive, hyperbolic, hypersensitive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic, hyperlink, hypertext, hypersonic, hypertrophy
hypo	below, less than	hypotension, hypodermic, hypoglycemia, hypoallergenic, hypothermia, hypothesis
in, im	not	inviolate, innocuous, intractable, innocent, impregnable, impossible, incapable, incoherent, impassible, impotent
infra	beneath	infrared, infrastructure, infrasonic
inter, intro	between	international, intercept, intermission, interoffice, internal, intermittent, introvert, introduce
intra	within, into	intranet, intracranial, intravenous, intramural, intramuscular, intraocular
jac, ject	to throw	reject, eject, project, trajectory, interject, dejected, inject, ejaculate
log, logo, loc. loq	word, speech, speak	monologue, dialogue, locution, colloquial, elocution, soliloquy, ventriloquist, apology, doxology, epilogue, logic, eulogy, loquacious
mal	bad, badly	malformation, maladjusted, dismal, malady, malcontent, malfeasance, maleficent, malevolent, malice, malaria, malfunction, malignant
mega	great, million	megaphone, megalomaniac, megabyte, megalopolis, acromegaly
meso	middle	mesomorph, mesoamerica, mesosphere
meta	beyond, change	metaphor, metamorphosis, metabolism, metahistorical, metainformation, metacognitive, metaphysics
meter	measure	perimeter, micrometer, ammeter, multimeter, altimeter, geometry, kilometer
micro	small	microscope, microprocessor, microfiche, micrometer, micrograph
mis	bad, badly	misinform, misinterpret, mispronounce, misnomer, mistake, misogynist, mistrial, misadventure, misanthrope, misread
mit, miss	to send	transmit, permit, missile, missionary, remit, admit, missive, mission
morph	shape	polymorphic, morpheme, amorphous, metamorphosis, morphology, morphing
multi	many	multitude, multipartite, multiply, multipurpose, multicolored, multimedia, multinational
neo	new	neologism, neonate, neoclassic, neophyte
non	not	nonferrous, nonabrasive, nondescript, nonfat, nonfiction, nonprofit, nonsense, nonentity
omni	all	omnipotent, omnivorous, omniscient, omnibus, omnirange, omnipresent
pan	all, whole, general, completely	pantheism, pandemic, panacea, panoply, pan-American, panchromatic, pandemonium, panorama
para	beside	paraprofessional, paramedic, paraphrase, parachute, paralegal, parallel, comparison
per	through, intensive	permit, perspire, perforate, persuade, perceive, perfect, permit, perform, pervasive
peri	around	periscope, perimeter, perigee, periodontal, pericope
phon	sound	telephone, phonics, phonograph, phonetic, homophone, microphone
phot	light	photograph, photosynthesis, photon
poly	many	polytheist, polygon, polygamy, polymorphous
port	to carry	porter, portable, report, transportation, deport, import, export
re	back, again	report, realign, retract, revise, regain, reflect, rename, restate, recombine, recalculate, redo
retro	backwards	retrorocket, retrospect, retrogression, retroactive
sanct	holy	sanctify, sanctuary, sanction, sanctimonious, sacrosanct
scrib, script	to write	inscription, prescribe, proscribe, manuscript, conscript, scribble, scribe
sect, sec	cut	intersect, transect, dissect, secant, section
semi	half	semifinal, semiconscious, semiannual, semimonthly, semicircle
spect	to look	inspect, spectator, circumspect, retrospect, prospect, spectacle
sub	under, below	submerge, submarine, substandard, subnormal, subvert, subdivision, submersible, submit
super, supra	above	superior, suprarenal, superscript, supernatural, supercede, superficial, superhero, superimpose
syn	together	synthesis, synchronous, syndicate, synergy, snyopsis, syncretism
tele	distance, from afar	television, telephone, telegraph, telemetry, telepathy
theo, the	God	theology, theist, polytheist, pantheism, atheist, monotheist, theophany
therm, thermo	heat	thermal, thermometer, thermocouple, thermodynamic, thermoelectric
tract	to drag, draw	attract, tractor, traction, extract, retract, protract, detract, subtract, contract, intractable
trans	across	transoceanic, transmit, transport, transducer, transit, intransitive
un	not	uncooked, unharmed, unintended, unhappy, unenlightened, unremarkable
veh, vect, vey	to carry	vector, vehicle, convection, vehement, convey, conveyance, conveyor
vert, vers	to turn	convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert, reversion, extravert, introvert
ven, vent	to come	convention, prevent, intervention, convent, Advent, invent, inventory
verm	worm	vermin, vermicelli, vermiculite, vermicide, vermiform, vermilion
vita	life	vital, vitality, vitamins, revitalize
vol	to will	benevolent, volition, voluntary, malevolent
mono, uni	one	monopoly, monotype, monologue, mononucleosis, monorail, monotheist, unilateral, universal, unity, unanimous, uniform
bi, di	two	divide, diverge, diglycerides, bifurcate, biweekly, bivalve, biannual, billion
tri	three	triangle, trinity, trilateral, triumvirate, tribune, trilogy, tricycle, trillion
quat, quad	four	quadrangle, quadruplets, quaternary, quarter, quadrillion
quint, penta	five	quintet, quintuplets, pentagon, pentane, pentameter, quintillion
hex, ses, sex	six	hexagon, hexameter, sestet, sextuplets, sextillion
sept	seven	septet, septennial, septillion, September
oct	eight	octopus, octagon, octogenarian, octave, octillion, October
non	nine	nonagon, nonagenarian, nonillion
dec	ten	decimal, decade, decalogue, decimate, decillion, December
cent	hundred	centennial, century, centipede, centillion
mill, kilo	thousand (10^3)	millennium, kilobyte, kiloton
mega	million (10^6)	megabyte, megaton, megaflop, megawatt
giga	billion (10^9)	gigabyte, gigaflop, gigahertz, gigawatt
tera	trillion (10^12)	terabyte, teraflop, terawatt
peta	quadrillion (10^15)	petabyte
exa	quintillion (10^18)	exabyte
zetta	sextillion (10^21)	zettabyte
yotta	septilion (10^24)	yottabyte
milli	thousandth (10^-3)	millisecond, milligram, millivolt, milliwatt, millimeter, millipede
micro	millionth (10^-6)	microgram, microvolt, microwave, microsecond
nano	billionth (10^-9)	nanosecond, nanobucks, nanofarad, nanometer, nanomachine, nanotube, nanotechnology, nanogram, nanoscale
pico	trillionth (10^-12)	picofarad, picocurie, picogram, picomole, picosecond
femto	quadrillionth (10^-15)	femtosecond
atto	quintillionth (10^-18)	attosecond, attometer
zepto	sextillionth (10^-21)	zeptosecond
yocto	septillionth (10^-24)	yoctosecond
able, ible	able to be, capable of being	pourable, drinkable, readable, washable, curable, visible, flexible, collectible
ance, ancy	state of, process of	performance, reliance, defiance, radiance, acceptance, ascendancy, discrepancy, infancy
ator	one who does [the verb]	terminator, culminator, agitator, instigator, generator, incubator, accelerator, invigorator, elevator
dom	condition, office, state	kingdom, freedom, wisdom, sheikdom, fiefdom, sheikdom
ee	one who receives	payee, mortgagee, employee, appointee, abductee, examinee, referee, refugee
er, or	one who does [the verb]	driver, hiker, reader, manager, polisher, speaker, counselor, author, creator, director, sculptor
ful	filled with	frightful, delightful, wonderful, cupful, wakeful, bashful, bountiful, beautiful, cheerful, colorful, dreadful, fateful
ify	to make into	purify, deify, simplify, clarify, petrify, reify, exemplify, pacify
ification	process of making into	purification, deification, simplifiction, clarification, petrification
ish	the nature of, resembling	Cornish, Irish, bookish, freakish, foolish, boorish, selfish, sluggish, priggish
ism	doctrine, system, characteristic quality	capitalism, heroism, optimism, skepticism, realism, patriotism, communism, idealism, conservatism
ist	one who performs; an adherent of an ism	tympanist, cellist, idealist, communist, realist, moralist, pharamacist, pragmatist
ize	to make into	rationalize, normalize, realize, capitalize, sterilize, dramatize, utilize, colorize
ization	the process of making into	rationalization, normalization, realization, capitalization, dramatization
less	without, lacking	loveless, fearless, worthless, nameless, baseless, bottomless, effortless, friendless, noiseless, harmless
agon	to struggle	agony, protagonist, antagonist, agony, agonize,
alg	pain	neuralgia, analgesic, nostalgic,
alter	other	alternative, alternator, alteration, altercation, alternate,
am	friend	amiable, amorous, amity, enamored, paramour, amicable
ambi	both	ambidextrous, ambivalent, ambiguous, ambient
anim	alive	animated, animal, inanimate, animator, anime, animation, reanimate
anthrop	mankind	anthropology, anthropomorphic, philanthrophy, misanthranthropology, anthropomorphic, philanthrophy, misanthropy
eu	good, well	euphoria, eulogy, euphemism, eugenics, eucalyptus, eukaryote, eurythmics, euthanasia
fore	before, front	forecast, forefather, foretaste, forehead, foreman, foreboding, forecastle, forearm, forebear, foreclose, foredoom, forego, forefoot, foreground, forehand, foreknowledge, foremost, foreordain, forerunner, foresee, foreshoren, foretell
ortho	straight	orthodontics, orthodox, orthopedic, orthoscopic, orthostatic
post	after	postscript, postconsumer, postdoctoral, posterior, postimpact, postfeminism, postgraduate, posthumous, postimpressionism, postlude, postmodernism, postpone, postproduction
pre	before, in front of	prefix, predict, prelude, predetermined, preamplifier, predestination, prebiotic, preclude, predate, predisposed, preempt, preference, prefigure, prefrontal, preheat, prehistory, presell, presumptuous, prevent, previous, pretext, pretentious, pretend
pro	forward	propel, proceed, produce, promote, project, proclaim, procession, profess, proffer, professor, proficient, profile, profound, profuse, progenitor, progress, prolapse, prolegomenon, prolific, prologue, prolong, pronation, pronounce
proto	first, earliest	prototype, protoplasm, protohistory, protocol, protogalaxy, proton, prototypical, protozoa
quasi	approximately, resembling, to some degree	quasiperiodical, quasiparticle, quasi-governmental, quasi-scientific, quasi-judicial, quasi-stellar, quasi-public
ultra	beyond, extremely	ultraviolet, ultrasonic, ultramarine, ultrafine, ultrasensitive, ultrawide, ultrapure, ultraquiet
under	beneath, below, too little	undercoat, underwear, underestimate, underbid, underexpose, undercut, underclassmen, undernourished
re	again or back	restructure, revisit, reappear, rebuild, refinance

Created by: kangwoo

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