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Cells & Tissues
Test 1 Material (Part 1 of 2)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what creates 75-80% of cells weight | water |
| what are the macronutrients found in a cell | hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, & phosphours |
| what are the micronutrients found in a cell | iron, zinc, magnesium, cobolt, manganese |
| what are the four types of bonds | covalent (polar & nonpolar), ionic (salts), hydrogen bonds (stong in quantities, planar), van der walls (weak) |
| what is hydrophobic | fear of water |
| what is hydrophilic | love of water |
| what is amphipathic | pocess both a fear & love for water |
| name the properties of water | hydrogen bonds increase surface area, water has a high heat capacity, dissolves variety of solutes |
| what is the macromolecule of this monomer - amino acids | proteins |
| what is the monomer of this macromolecule - polysacchardies | sugars |
| what macromolecule is made up of glycerol and fatty acids | lipids |
| what monomer makes up nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| what type of assembly requires the use of a chaparone | assisted self assembly |
| which proteins tend to be smaller in size with regards in assembly | strict self assembly |
| how many amino acids are there | 20 |
| what are the categories of amino acids | hydrophobic (non-polar), hydrophilic (polar), acidic hydrophilic (polar), basic hydrophilic (polor) |
| how many amino acids are in each category | 9 non-polar, 6 polar, 3 basic, 2 acidic |
| what type of bond is formed between amino acids | a peptide bond |
| with regards to sterioismers, which form is useful (L or R) | L form only |
| what are chains of amino acids called | polypeptides |
| synthesis of proteins is called | translation |
| what are the two types of protein chains | monomeric (smaller) & multimeric (larger) |
| what are the 4 levels of organization in a protein | primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary |
| in protein organization which level is only the sequence | primary |
| in protein organization which level of organization involves interaction with itself | tertiary |
| what level of organization do proteins create alpha-helix & beta-pleated sheets | secondary |
| what level of organization involves several polypeptides | quarternary |
| what are the 8 charcteristics of a protein | motor, transport, receptor, signal, gene expression, storage, structral, and enzymes |
| what do lipids do | store energy |
| name the types of lipids (7) | fatty acids, triglycerides, phospolipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, terpenes, and steroids |
| what are triglycerides considered | true fats |
| triglycerides are formed from what | three fatty acids and a glycerol |
| what fatty acids contain double bonds | unsaturated |
| what fatty acids contain only single bonds | saturated |
| are fats liquid or solid at room temperature | solid |
| what (5) lipids are found throughout membranes | triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and steroids |
| what type of lipid contains a phosphate group and two fatty acid groups | phospholipids |
| what two types of lipids are found primarly in nervous tissue | sphingolipids and glycolipids |
| what type of lipid contains rings in its structure | steroids |
| what is the most common type of steroid | cholestrol |
| important hormones such as estrogen, endogens, and corisols are derived from what type of this | cholestrol |
| what lipid is derived from isoprene | terpenes |
| what do terpenes synethesis | carotenoids, coenzyme q, and vit. a |
| what is the main function of polysaccrides | storage |
| what are examples of monosaccrides | ketosugars, aldosugars, hexose sugars, & pentose sugars |
| what are examples of disaccrides | two monosaccrides attached |
| what type of bond is formed between disaccrides | glycoacidic bonds |
| what must a nucelotide contain | phosphate group, nitrogenous base, & a pentose sugar |
| synthesis of DNA always occurs how | 5' --> 3' |
| how are nucelic acids used in cells | express genitic information, store genitic material, contain energy |
| what type of bond is formed between nucelotides | phosphodiester bonds |
| what is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | prokaryotic lack a nucleus and are considered bacterial, eukaryotic are large and they have a nucleus along with other organelles |
| what does the plasma membrane do | seperates cytoplasm from extracellular environment |
| how thick is the plasma membrane | 7-10 nm thick |
| list the structrual features of a plasma membrane | cotrols passage of material using a phospholipid bi-layer, contains membrane proteins, extrinsic proteins, & glycoproteins |
| what do glycoprotein act as on the outside of the plasma membrane | receptors |
| where is energy produced in a cell | the mitochondria |
| what is unique about the nucleus and mitochondria | only organelles to have a double membrane |
| cristae are found inside the mitrochondria, what is their function | to increase surface area |
| what organelle are considered garbage disposables | lysosomes, they breakdown macromolecules |
| how are lysosomes charcterized | they contain acid phosphatase |
| discribe the envionment lisosomes function in | lisosomes function only in acidic environments |
| what organelle resembles stacks of pancakes | the golgi complex |
| what is the main function of the golgi complex | to pack and deliver proteins |
| how do proteins leave the golgi complex | they leave by vesicles |
| what organelle is the golgi complex a continuation of | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum | smooth and rough |
| what does RER synthesize | membrane proteins, lysomal proteins, and secretory proteins |
| what does SER sythesize | steroids, lipids, and detox some drugs |
| Where is the repository of genitic information | nucleus |
| what are nuclear pores purpose | regulate passage of material between the nucleus and cytoplasm |
| where is DNA found | nucleus |
| what is heterchromatin | dark patches where DNA is wrapped tightly (not expressed) |
| what is euchromatin | white patches where DNA is loose (being expressed) |
| where are ribosomes sythesized | nucleolus |
| what is considered the "vault" of a cell | nucleus |
| what does the nucleus ensure | the replication of DNA is correct |
| list the major oranelles in an eukaryotic cell (8) | nucelus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, mitochondira, cytoskeleton, lysosomes, ribosomes, peroximeres |
| what organelle are known as microbodies | peroximeres |
| what type of tissue are peroximeres normally found | kidney and liver cells |
| peroximeres break down what | hydrogen peroxide and long chain fatty acids |
| where is protein synthesized | RER |
| what provides framework and shape to the cell | cytoskeleton |
| internally what does the cytoskeleton move | chromatids for cell divison |
| externally how does the cytoskeleton provide movement | cillia and flagella |
| what anchors organelles in the cell | cytoskeleton |
| name the (3) types of cytoskeleton | microtubules, intermediate fillaments, microfillaments |
| explain microtubules | generated @ MTOC, form cillia & flagella, help position and moves organelles, and are composed of tublin |
| what type of cytoskeleton are composed of actin | micofillaments |
| describe microfillaments | used in muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cleavage during cell division |
| what type of cytoskeleton is fibrous | intermediate fillaments |
| intermediate filliments are stable and provide what | mechanical strength |
| what are the (4) types of tissue | connective, muscle, epithelial, and nervous |
| how are epithelial cells arragnged | in sheets generally |
| what do epithelial cells cover | covers blood vescles and line cavities |
| what type of tissue is avascular, contains little extracellular matrix between each cell, and contain a basement membrane | epithelial |
| what are the functions of the epithelial cells | selective barrier, protection, scretion, absorption, transcellular, transport, sensation |
| what are the types of layers | simple, straisfied, psudostraisfied |
| in regards to epithelial cells, the shape of the cells are | squamous, cuboidal, columnar, |
| what is the shape of the nucleus in a simple cuboidal cell | round and centrally located |
| what is the shape of the nucleus in columnar cells | elongated nucleus and cell |
| what is cosidered a special type of simple epithelial tissue | pseudostratified which contain a single layer of cells with different heights |
| give an example of stratified keratinized epithelial tissue | skin (no nucleus present, waterproof, scale like tissue) |
| give an example of stratified nonkeratinized epithelial tissue | walls of the vagina (contain nucleus) |
| what are special about transitional tissue | they're usually called dome cells, can expand and contract as needed |
| what are exocrine cells | they stay connected to the surface by ducts (sweat glands) |
| what are endocrine cells | do not stay attached to the surface (hormones) |
Created by:
bawasinger
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