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Govt. Final Exam
Federal Govt.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chief justice of the US Supreme Court | John Roberts- Conservative |
| Concurring opinion | Justice writes "Agree with result, but heres what I believe..." |
| Dissenting opinion | Justice writes "I don't agree with result or reasons and heres why..." |
| Majority opinion | at least 5 justices agree |
| Strict constructionism | want to follow the laws as written (Conservative) |
| Broad constructionism | want to follow the intent or purpose of law (Liberal) |
| Original Intent | (dead) found that fathers said what they meant (Conservative) |
| Modernism | (alive) we will tell you what the law means today (Liberal) |
| How we keep judges and justices independent | |
| Civil Liberties | Our natural rights that government cannot take away and are expected to protect |
| Incorporation doctrine | An interpretation of the Constitution that holds that the due process clause of the 14th amendment requires that state and local governments must also guarantee the rights stated in the Bill of Rights |
| Freedom of religion | 1st Amendment |
| Establishment clause | The first clause of the First Amendment; it directs the national government not to sanction an official religion. |
| Freedom of speech | 1st Amendment |
| Free exercise clause | the second clause of 1st amendment prohibits US government from interfering with a citizens right to practice his or her religion |
| Preferred position | Circle of things that are preferred you say |
| Slander | spoken lie, communicate it, person you lied about is damaged (Out of Preferred Position) |
| Libel | published/written lie and the person got hurt (Out of Preferred Position) |
| Symbolic Speech | signs, clothing, actions |
| Freedom of the press | 1st Amendment |
| Prior Restraint | Constitutional doctrine that prevents the government from prohibiting speech or publication before the fact |
| Freedom of assembly | 1st Amendment - Congress shall make no law abridging right of people peacefully to assemble |
| Freedom to petition the government | First Amendment |
| Self incrimination | right to not testify against yourself |
| Right to privacy | you have to right to your own privacy |
| Criminal Rights and when they apply | 6th Amendment (Criminal law) right to a fast and speedy trial entitled to a jury of your peers right to confront witnesses and right to an attorney |
| Affirmative action | Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged. -Reverse discrimination is not okay. |
| Equality of results | Everyone is going to get the same thing - or the winner will be picked |
| Equality of opportunity | Everyone has the same chance. |
| Ways to deny citizens the right to vote | -Grandfather Clause -"White Primary" Political parties as private clubs -Paying a poll tax -Cumbersome registration procedures(make certain time they can register to vote and the never be available) -physical and economic intimidation -Literacy tests |
| Mass Media | The entire array of organizations through which information is collected and disseminated to the general public. |
| Characteristics of media | It sets the agenda, |
| Role of internet | YouTube, Google, Bogus stories, Texting, E-mail, Fund raising, |
| Agenda setting (as it relates to the media) | Influencing peoples opinions. Usually do not change a person's about a subject, but can confirm or make someones opinion stronger. |
| Civil disobedience | choose to violate law you dont like, get arrested, and take punishment nonviolent manner, ex) Rosa Parks |
| Civil Rights | rights of all persons within a state to be treated equally under the law as described in the equal protection clause |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | leg passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | required bilingual ballots in Spanish speaking communities |
| De jure segregation | segregation by law |
| Policymaking process | Problem recognition, agenda setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, budgeting, policy implementation, policy evaluation |
| Equal Protection Clause | section of 14th amendment guarantees that all citizens receive equal protection from the laws |
| Reverse discrimination | making up for discrimination and giving minorities priority over majority |
| Delegated powers | powers that are written in the constitution |
| Federalism | giving some powers to the central government and some to subcentral government |
| Confederalism | giving all power to the subcentral government (states) and they give as much or as little to the central government (national) |
| Unitary | giving all power to the central government (national) and they give as much or as little to the subcentral government (states) |
| Devolution | Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a subnational level, such as a regional, local, or state level. |
| Implied Powers | powers not written in Constitution but they still have them, do what they feel is "necessary and proper" |
| Reserved Powers | powers reserved by the states in 10th amendment |
| Interstate commerce | contracts and agreements between states |
| Apportionment | allotting congressional seats to each state following the census according to their population in their districts |
| Redistricting | re-drawing boundary lines for districts |
| Gerrymandering | drawing boundary lines for districts that will favor a group |
| Affirmative racial gerrymandering | drawing boundary lines that favors someone from minority |
| Number of US House of Representatives | 435 |
| Medicare | heath care for the elderly |
| Medicaid | health care for the poor |
| Number of US Senators | 100 |
| Filibuster | talking a bill to death; holding the floor as long as you can talk to stall progress of a bill |
| Bicameral | two- house legislature |
| Constituents | people you represent |
| Incumbent | already holding an office |
| Casework | going out of your way to help constituents so they will get people to vote for you |
| Franking Privilege | free mail |
| Standing committee | permanent; consider leg bills, affect particular area |
| Trustee theory | thinking people voted for you because they trust me to make the right decisions |
| Instructed delegate theory | thinking people voted for you because I'll do exactly what they want me to |
| Laissez-faire economic policies | government should have no say in businesses |
| Unemployment | 16 years or older, available for work, and made effort to find job in past month |
| Monetary Policy | form of gov regulation in which nations money supply is controlled |
| Fiscal Policy | deliberate use of national gov taxing and spending policies to maintain economic stability |
| Deficit | difference between money brought in and money spent every year |
| Debt | everything we owe |
| Progressive taxation | the more money you make the higher your tax will be. ex)Income tax |
| Regressive taxation | the less money you make the more the tax will affect you ex) Sales tax |
| Fiscal Year | October 1st until September 30th of the next year |
| Budget | revenue plan and spending plan; agreement of how much to spend |
| Continuing resolution | If cant agree on budget, you can continue to spend the amount of money as you did before |
| Roles of the President | Chief diplomat, chief of state, commander in chief, chief legislator, chief executive, head of political party |
| Qualifications for President | 35 or older, native born, resident for 14 years |
| Electoral college | representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect the president |
| Number of electors (total and texas) | Total- 538 Texas- 38 |
| Executive privilege | inherent power; right to keep secrets |
| Executive agreements | inherent power; agreements with other countries |
| Executive order | inherent power; right to rule over something he is in charge over |
| Veto power | right of President to reject a bill he doesn't want, Article 1 |
| Pocket Veto | if the president has not signed a bill 10 days after receives it, automatically vetoed |
| Impeachment procedure | House-tries Senate- convicts |
| Order of succession | if something happens to President, goes to VP, then Speaker of House, Pro tempre, and cabinet |
| Emerging economies | India and China |
| Principal foreign lenders to US | China Japan and Brazil |
| Sources of federal governments revenue | taxes |
| Social security | old age insurance, assistance for needy, aged, blind, and families with dependent children |
| Num of Texas seats in the US House of Representatives | 36 |
| Speaker of House | John Boehner, directly elected |
| President of Senate | Vice President: Joe Biden, |
| Requirements for Senate | at least 30 and live in state |
| Requirements for House of Representatives | at least 25 and live in state |
| Arguments for health reform | extended medicaid coverage, long-term care, no denial of coverage, |
| Arguments against health reform | everyone required to have it, increasing medicare tax for wealthy |
| No Child Left Behind Act | employs high standards and measurable goals as method of improving American education; George Bush created it |
| Equal time rule | Required by federal government system. If you make time for a candidate to put their add on, then you have to give the other candidates the same amount of time. Same as when you charge a candidate a certain amount of money for a certain amount of time. |
| Spin | Telling a story in a new way that is most favorable to you. |
| Negative news | News that is about something bad happening, even if it is not the main point of the story. Example: a puppy was saved from a burning house. Its good that the puppy was saved, but the house burned down, making it a negative story. |
| Special interest groups | An organized group of individuals. With common goals. Actively influencing policy and policymakers. At all levels of government. FOR THEIR OWN BENEFIT. |
| Role and goals of special interest groups | The influence policies. The get the money for campaigns. They want to gain access and influence. |
| Political action committee (PAC) | Officially registered fund-raising organizations that represents interest groups in the political process. |
| Lobbyist | Interest group representative who seeks to influence legislation that will benefit his or her organization or client through political and/or financial persuasion. |
| Lobbying | Asking elected officials to help benefit your campaign. |
| Access | Personal contacts, expertise, expert testimony, advise on legislation, influence on bureaucrats. |
| Sources of funding for political campaigns (hard money, matching funds, soft money) | Direct contributions (Hard Money) - Regulated. Independent expenditures (Soft Money) - Unregulated. |
| Revolving door | the movement of personnel between roles as legislators and regulators and the industries affected by the legislation and regulation |
| Regulation of lobbyists | Must register and disclose who they represent. Must disclose: Issues, chamber or agency contacted, no names, please. |
| Strength of political parties | Not very strong anymore. Plays a very small role in who gets the nomination. |
| Political party organization | Political parties are organized on national, state, and local levels. |
| Growth of national government’s power | Necessary and proper clause: The national bank was allowed because it was a necessary and proper clause for borrowing money. |
| US vs Nixon | limits executive privilege, you cant use it if you have committed a crime |
| 12th amendment | majority win to win election. 270 votes |
| 20th amendment | begin term on Jan 20th |
| 22 amendment | 2 terms, 4 years each |
| 23 amendment | District of Colombia gets 3 electors |
| 25th amendment | secession, procedure says if something happens to VP, Pres appoints new one |
| 1st Amendment | Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, assembly, and Petition |
| 2nd Amendment | Right to bear arms |
| 3rd Amendment | Do not have to house soldiers except in time of war |
| 4th Amendment | Protects against illegal search and seizure (have to have probable cause) |
| 5th Amendment | Not incriminate against self, due process, cant be tried for the same crime twice, eminent domain, right to grand jury |
| Marbury v. Madison | Is Marbury entitled to his appointment? Is his lawsuit the correct way to get it? And, is the Supreme Court the place for Marbury to get the relief he requests? Conclusion/Outcome: Outcome was 6 votes for Madison and 0 votes against him. |
| Abington Township v. Schempp | Establishment though prayer. A parent sent a note to have their child taken out of class during prayer. That doesn't change the intent of the prayer. Court decided there should be no prayer in class. |
| Gideon v Wainwright | He was accused of breaking and entering, but didnt have enough money for lawyer so went to jail and wrote a letter to the Supreme Court and they found that everyone is entitled to be appointed a lawyer if they are poor in a felony case |
| Miranda v Arizona | 5th amendment requires that individuals arrested for a crime must be advised of their right to remain silent and to have counsel present |
| Mapp v Ohio | The police arrested a girl for porn, but they didnt have a warrant so evidence was thrown out. 4th amendment established that illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in trial |
| Griswold v Connecticut | He was giving information about birth control and established the Constitutions implied right to privacy, 9th Amendment |
| Roe v Wade | Roe wants to get an abortion so sued the district attorney and found that the law was unconstitutional and took away her right to privacy in reproductive choices, 9th Amendment |
| DC v Heller | to own a gun you need a license. If you have that you have the right of a private citizen to own a gun, 2nd Amendment |
| Citizens United v Federal Election Commission | Corporations are people too and should have 1st amendment rights, so Corporations have free speech. The Court ruled that limits on corporate campaign spending amounted to prohibitions on free speech |
| 6th Amendment | (Criminal law) right to a fast and speedy trial entitled to a jury of your peers right to confront witnesses and right to an attorney |
| 7th Amendment | entitled to a jury in a civil case |
| 8th Amendment | No cruel and unusual punishment and bail must be reasonable |
| 9th Amendment | Implied rights ones that arent in other amendments |
| 10th Amendment | Reserved powers of the state |
| 14th Amendment | Gave citizens their natural rights: Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness and right to property |
| 1 Article | Legislative Branch- make laws |
| 2 Article | Executive Branch- enforce laws |
| 3 Article | Judicial Branch- interpret laws |
| 4 Article | Interstate relation- how they interact |
| 5 Article | Amendments- how to add changes |
| 6 Article | Supremacy clause- Const. is supreme to st and federal laws |
| 7 Article | Ratification- how it got approved (9 times) |
| 27th Amendment | (The delayed amendment) prohibits any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress from taking effect until the start of the next set of terms of office for Representatives |
| Baker v Carr | one man, one vote need to make the population equal within districts |
| Texas v White | White has bonds and Texas says they are theirs cannot secede from Union Art III |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Separate but not equal (de jure segregation) -train has black and white car -Plessy was 1/8 black and got on the white car. he got mobbed. He challenged the law but found that it not not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amend. |
| Brown v. Board of Education I | Separate but equal is inherently unequal. What school was right across the street but Brown had to walk 20 miles to her black school. Schools were very similar except for location. Violates 14th Amend. |
| Brown v. Board of Education II | Desegregate with all deliberate speed. Took a long time for this to actually become a law, 10-15 years. |
| 13th amendment | abolishes slavery |
| 14th amendment | due process and equal protection clause |
| 15th amendment | voting regardless of race |
| 19th amendment | voting regardless of gender |
| 24th amendment | eliminated poll tax |
| 26th amendment | lowered voting age to 18 |
| McCulloch v Maryland | created 2nd national bank; they wanted the bank to pay property taxes but national said they didnt have to Art I Necc and Proper Clause, Art VI |
| 17th Amendment | Made senators directly elected by the people; removed their selection from state legislator |
| 16th Amendment | Authorized Congress to enact a national income tax |
| John Locke | Coined the term Natural Rights - Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and property, and Political Equality. |
| Thomas Hobbes | Proponent of the social contract - more conservative side |
| Ben Bernanke | Chairman of Federal Reserve Board (FRB) of Governors |
| Speaker of the House of Representatives | John Boehner - Republican |
| President of the Senate | Joe Biden |
| U.S. Senators from Texas | Kay Bailey Hutchison and John Cornyn. Texas has 32 Representatives. |
| President of the United States | Barack Obama |
| Vice President of the United States | Joe Biden |
Created by:
aubrie.miller21
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