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Athletic Training.
Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three Main Classifications of Injury: | acute, chronic, catastrophic |
| acute injury- | rapid onset, resulting from traumatic event |
| chronic injury- | slow, insidious onset, implying gradual development of structural damage |
| catastrophic injury- | involving damage to brain and/or spinal cord that presents a potentially life threatening situation or possibility of permanent disability |
| R I C E | Rest Ice Compression Elevation |
| sprains- | injuries to ligaments |
| strains- | njuries to muscles, tendons, or junction between the two |
| contusions- | bruising |
| fractures- | a break or crack in bone |
| What are the types of compression? | circumferential, collateral, and focal |
| Circumferential compression- | even compression everywhere |
| Collateral compression- | compression on only two sides |
| Focal compression- | direct pressure |
| Temperature for cold modalities | 32-65 degrees F |
| Temperature for heat modalities | 104-113 degrees F |
| What are the four ways heat transfers? | conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation |
| conduction- | direct contact |
| convection- | circulation between surface and moving medium |
| radiation- | (heat lamps) penetration by beams (electromagnetic waves) |
| evaporation | heat escaping liquid-gas transfer |
| Effects of Cold Application- | vasoconstriction, decreased cell metabolism, decreased production of cell waste, reduction in inflammation, decreased pain, decreased muscle spasm |
| types of superficial heat- | infared lamps, moist heat packs, paraffin bath, warm whirlpool |
| deep heat- | diathermy |
| when to use cold? | acute stage of inflammation, before ROM, after physical activity |
| when to use heat? | control of inflammation in sub acute or chronic stages, encourage tissue healing, reduce edema |
| therapeutic ultrasound | electricity passes through a crystal producing acoustical sound waves |
| transmission of ultrasound- | needs medium for travel (gel or water) |
| frequencies of ultrasound are.. | 1 MHz- 5 cm deep and 3 MHz -2 cm deep |
| Coupling techniques- | direct, water immersion, and bladder method |
| uses for E-stim: | pain management, muscle re-education, and reduces swelling |
| types of E-stim currents: | direct (galvinic), alternating (premod, inferential) |
| direct galvinic e-stim current= | muscle education and muscle pumping |
| alternating premod inferential current= | pain management |
| frequencies for e-stim | 1-10 MHz = opiate release, 30-60 MHz = muscle strengthening, 80 -150 pain management |
| HOPS | History, Observation, Palpation, Special Tests |
| ACL tear MOI (mechanism of injury) | internal rotation, valgus load, usually hear single pop |
| ACL special tests- | Lachmann and anterior drawer |
| treatment of ACL- | acute= RICE, knee immobilizer, crutches followed by referral to Doc for surgery |
| PCL tear MOI | fall on bent knee |
| PCL special tests | posterior sag, posterior drawer |
| treatment of PCL- | same as ACL |
| knee dislocation- | 3-4 ligaments involved (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL) activate EMS |
| patella dislocation/subluxation- | 2 pops, extend knee to relocate |
| special tests for sublux- | apprehension in sliding patella to side |
| how to treat sublux- | relocate, MRI, build quad strength, stability of joint, |
| osgood schlatter | calcium deposits especially during growth spurts cause is overuse treatment is control inflammation and rest |
| Meniscus MOI | twisting motion, contusion, violent trauma, overuse |
| special tests for Meniscus | McMurray's and Appley's |
| treatment for meniscus- | RICE, refer surgery, if removed (4-6 wk) if repaired (6-8wk) |
| knee tendon injuries are | patella tendonitis (jumper's knee) and IT band tendonitis (runners knee) |
| treatment for knee tendon injuries | heat pre activity, ice post activity, brace |
| 3 choices for ACL repair- | 1) BPB- bone patella bone central 1/3 tendon is cut out sewn together and used as graft 2) hamstring- smaller incision, for smaller patients (not above 210lbs) 3) allograph (use cadaver) |
| what is the pop from that you hear with ACL injury? | usually from femoral condyle bumping tibial plateau |
| Appley's compression/distension test | + compression with - distension = + test for meniscus |
| quick test for patella fracture | straight leg raise |
| what are the steps for ankle taping? | pre-wrap, anchors (2 on top, 1 on base), alternate 3 stirrups and 3 horse shoes, heel lock (1 on each side), Figure 8, cover-up |
Created by:
sbush0804
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