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Anat. -Ch.6 Muscles
Chapter 6 - Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four major functional characteristics of muscles | Contractility, Excitability, Elasticity, Extensibility |
| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. |
| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| extensibility | the ability to be stretched |
| elasticity | ability to recoil back to original position |
| Muscles help to produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature. True or False. | True |
| Epimysium | Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath |
| Fascia | Connective tissue located outside the epimysium. Surrounds and seperates muscles. |
| Perimysium | surrounds muscle fasiculi |
| Muscle Fasciculi | A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles |
| Fasciculi | Are composed of single muscle cells called fibers |
| Endomysium | surrounds a fiber by a connective tissue sheath |
| Myofibrils | A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other |
| 2 major kinds of protein fibers in myofibrils | actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments |
| Actin Myofilaments | Thin filaments |
| Myosin Myofilaments | Thick myofilaments |
| Sarcomeres | Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units |
| The basic structural and functional unity of the muscle | sarcomeres |
| Resting Membrane Potential | Charge differences across the membrane |
| Action Potential | When a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly. The brief reversal back of the charge is ___ |
| Motor Neurons | Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| Neuromuscular juntion | each branch that connects to the muscle |
| Synapse | branch that connects to the muscle forms this and near the center of the cell |
| Motor Unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| Presynaptic Terminal | Enlarged nerve terminal |
| Synaptic Cleft | The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| Each sarcomere | extends from on Z line to the next; Has an H-Zone in the center; Contains overlapping actin and myosin |
| A high-energy molecule that can be quickly used to produce ATP | Creatine phosphate |
| Anaerobic Respiration | produces lactic acid within the muscle |
| Cardiac muscle | Has long, cylindrical cells |
| An anterior thigh muscle that extends the leg is the | quadriceps femoris |
| The hip muscle commonly called the buttocks the | gluteus maximus |
| Blinking | Orbicularis oculi |
| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus |
| ___ ____ occurs in the presence of oxygen | aerobic respiration |
| 2 muscle disorders | cramps and muscular distrophy |
| 2 muscle contractions | isometric and isotonic |
| origin | most stationary end of the muscle |
| belly | between the insertion and origin |
| oblique | right angle |
| raises eyebrows | occipitofrontalis |
| 2 tongue muscles | intrinsic and extrinsic |
| smiling | zygomaticus |
| sneering | levator labii superioris |
| frowning | depressor anguli oris |
| 3 types of muscle | cardiac smooth and skeletal |
| muscles that work together | synergists |
| muscles that work in opposition | antagonists |
| fast twitch muscles... | fatigue quickly |
| slow twitch muscles... | are resistant to fatigue |
| the muscle responsible for elevating the ribs during inspiration is | the internal intercostals |
| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimuli until that stimulus reaches a level called... | threshold |
| time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the... | lag phase |
| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called... | recruitment |
| ATP is need for | energy for the muscle contraction |
| ATP is produced where | mitochondria |
| oxygen debt | is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid |
| Muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contractions faster than it is produced |
| muscle ton | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing a movement is it the | prime mover |
| pucker | orbicularis oris |
| flattens the cheeks | buccinator |
| chewing | mastication |
| 4 pairs of chewing muscles | temporalis, masseter, pterygoid (2) |
| intrinsic tongue muscles | changes the shape of the tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscles | moves the tongue |
| neck muscles | sternocleidomastoid and torticollis |
| sternocleidomastoid | prime mover/lateral neck muscle |
| torticollis | twisted neck |
| connective tissue that separates muscles and surrounds the epimysium is called | fascia |
| which of the following characteristics would establish conclusively that muscle tissue being examined was skeletal muscle tissue? | intercalated disks present |
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