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Chp 13
Fundamentals of Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| meningitis | acute inflammation of the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter |
| meninges | protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| meningitis is an infectious disease that affects: | children and young adults |
| meningitis can be caused by: | a bacterial or viral infection |
| bacterial meningitis can be: | serious and deadly |
| most people with meningitis recover completely from: | viral meningitis |
| the infectious organism can reach the meninges from the: | middle ear, upper respiratory tract, frontal sinuses, or carried in the blood from other infected sites |
| symptoms of meningitis include: | hyperthermia, chills, N+V, severe cephalagia caused by ICP, stiff neck, rash, seizures, coma |
| hyperthermia can cause: | delirium, convulsions and coma |
| dx of meningitis: | LP AKA spinal tap |
| the CSF of meningitis will contain: | protein, leukocytes, and the infecting organism |
| tx for meningitis: | antibiotic therapy, antipyretics, IV therapy for dehydration |
| without tx, meningitis can cause permanent brain damage causing: | blindness, deafness, paralysis, MR, hydrocephalus, CSF, and death |
| meningitis is most commonly caused by: | meningococcus or pneumoncoccus |
| Immunizations for meningococcal infections include : | Menactra and Menomune |
| Immunizations for pneumococcal infections include: | pneumovax 23 and Pnu-Immune 23 |
| encephalitis: | inflammation of the brain usually caused by herpes simplex I, influenza, rubeola, parotitis, rubella, varicella, and arbovirus |
| Signs/symptoms of encephalitis range from mild to severe and may include: | cephalagia, pyrexia, lethargy, personality changes, seizures, paralysis |
| Risk factors for encephalitis: | immunocompromised |
| Dx of encephalitis: | LP |
| Tx of encephalaitis: | controlling pyrexia and ICP, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, careful monitoring of respiratory and kidney function |
| Rabies: | inflammatory disease of the brain and spinal cord, transmitted through bites and scratches of rabid animals |
| Animals that commonly contract rabies: | Dogs, cats, wolves, raccoons, skunks, foxes, bats, humans |
| The onset of symptoms for rabies usually appear: | 3 weeks to 3 months after exposure |
| Signs/symptoms of rabies include: | pyrexia, pain, mental derangement, rage, convulsions, paralysis, hydrophobia, aphagia, profuse frothy saliva |
| Tx for rabies: | 3 subQ antirabies inj over 3 weeks |
| Animals infected with rabies exhibit a change in temperament such as: | wild animals act tame, followed by a furious stage |
| Shingles | acute and chronic sensory neuritis caused by latency effect of the varicella zoster virus AKA herpes zoster |
| latency | time between exposure and effects |
| Herpes zoster is the sequela of: | varicella zoster (chicken pox) |
| Signs/symptoms of shingles: | painful unilateral vesicular rash, pruritus, scarring |
| A shingles outbreak lasts: | 2-4 weeks |
| Shingles most commonly occurs in ppl over the age of: | 50 |
| An immunization recommended for people over 60 who have had varicella zoster is called: | Zostavax |
| Tx of shingles: | antiviral therapy, narcotic analgesics, antipruritics, SAIDS |
| Activation of the dormant Varicrlla zoster virus is associated with: | immunocompromised, poorly controlled stress |
| Reyes syndrome: | encephalopathy associated with the combination of children, viral infections and use of ASA |
| RS can cause: | an increased ICP |
| Signs/symptoms of RS: | vomiting, personality changes, lethargy, confusion, seizures, coma |
| Tx of RS: | controlling cerebral swelling, lowering ICP with SAIDs |
| With proper treatment (Tx) the recovery rate for Reye syndrome (RS) is: | 85-90% |
| Tetanus: | acute infection of motor neurons caused by the tetnaus bacillus that lives in the intestines of animals and humans |
| Tetanus is found in: | fecal material |
| Tetanus bacilli persist as spores indefinitely in the: | soil |
| Wounds most susceptible to tetanus are: | ragged lacerated tissue contaminated with soil |
| Tetanus produces a powerful toxin that circulates to the: | motor neurons |
| Motor neurons affected with tetanus cause the muscles to become rigid with: | painful spasms and convulsions |
| The first muscles to be affected by tetanus are located in the jaw, hence the name: | lockjaw |
| In tetanus, the neck is stiff and there is: | dysphagia |
| Tetanus has an incubation period of: | 1-3 weeks and the toxin travels slowly |
| Tx of tetanus: | debridement of the wound, administration of Td |
| Multiple sclerosis: | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an idiopathic, autoimmune, chronic, progressive, degenerative disease of the CNS |
| MS usually effects: | adult women between the ages of 20 to 40 |
| The most common form of multiple sclerosis (MS) is called: | relapsing-remitting |
| Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: | loss of balance, ataxia, tingling and numbness in the extremities, shaking temor, fatigue/muscle weakness, dysphasia, enuresis, blurred vision/diplopia, nystagmus, blindness, cognitive dysfunction, decreased libido, ED, MDD |
| Tx of MS: | Betaseron (interferon) to decrease the severity of symptoms and slw the progression |
| The risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) increases with a : | high fat diet and growing up in a cold climate |
| Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is AKA: | Lou Gehrig's disease |
| ALS is an: | idiopathic terminal neurological disease causing a progressive loss of motor neurons. |
| Symptoms of amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) include: | atrophy of the muscles in arms and legs, muscular dysfunction of mouth/throat, muscular twitching |
| Death from amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) usually occurs: | 3-5 yrs after onset of symptoms and generally results from pulmonary failure |
| Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) commonly occurs during the: | 50-60s |
| ALS is more common in: | men |
| Dx of ALS: | EMG |
| Parkinsons disease: | idiopathic and gradual progressive degeneration of the neurons that control body movements and coordination |
| Ppl with PD produce insufficient amounts of a neurotransmitter in the brain called: | dopamine |
| Parkinson’s disease (PD) is more common in Caucasian men and the average age of onset is: | 50 |
| Signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include: | tremors, rigid muscles/myalgia, loss of reflexes, mask-like facial expression, shuffling gait, bradykinesia, stooped posture, dysphagia/drooling, monotone speech, incontinence, constipation, loss of libido, ED, MDD |
| tx of PD: | antiparkinsons meds, PT, tandem bike riding |
| Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a: | progressive degenerative genetic brain disease causing dementia usually after age 60 |
| Dementia: | loss of mental skills affecting daily life |
| Seven warning signs of AD: | asking same questions, repeating themselves, forgetting activites that were easily done, getting lost in familiar surrounds, losing ability to pay/balance bills/checkbook, neglecting to bathe, relying on someone else to make decisions |
| When Alzheimer’s disease (AD) becomes more severe after dusk, it is called: | sundowing |
| AD can cause: | depression, irritability, aggressiveness and delusions |
| Familial Alzheimer's disease accounts for less than: | 5% of cases |
| AD is dx after age 65 and every 5 years afterwards incidence: | doubles |
| The duration of AD can be: | 2-20 years |
| Increased risk of AD is accociated with: | obesity, HTN, and DM |
| Research suggests Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk is lowered by: | regular mental and physical activity and a healthy diet |
| AD is dx when other conditions are ruled out with use of a: | PET |
| Common med to tx AD: | Aricept |
| Epilepsy is abnormal electrical activity that spreads over the cerebrum and can manifest itself as a: | seizure |
| Epilepsy can be caused by: | brain damage, BT, ETOH and/or drug abuse, uremia, meningitis/encephalitis, toxemia, hyperthermia, heredity |
| Types of seizures: | grand mal seizures, petit mal |
| Grand mal seizures are characterized by: | LOC, tounge bting, hypersalivation, enuresis, tonic clonic movements |
| Petit mal seizures are more common in: | children |
| Dx of epilepsy is confirmed with an: | EEG and MRI |
| A life threatening persistent seizure lasting more than 30 minutes is called: | status epilepticus |
| Tx for epilepsy includes: | antiseizure meds (Dilantin) |
| Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain caused by an obstruction of the normal flow of: | CSF |
| Hydrocephalus causes the brain to be compressed resulting in: | MR, failure to grow normally, prominent forehead, bulging eyes, frightened expression, veins of scalp are prominent s |
| Tx for hydrocephalus: | surgical placement of a shunt to relieve ICP |
| Spina bifida: | congenital NTD where one or more vertebrae fail to develop |
| NTD | neural tube defect |
| SB can be accompanied by one or more of the following: | hydrocephalus, cleft lip/palate, club foot, esotropia |
| Four types of SB: | spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, myelocele |
| Spina bifida occulta (SBO): | causes incorrect posture, inability to walk, incontinence, a tuft of hair over the vertebral defect |
| Meningocele: | A meningocele is characterized by the meninges protruding through the opening in the vertebral defect, corrected by surgery |
| Meningomyelocele: | A meningomyelocele is characterized by the meninges and spinal cord protruding through the opening in the vertebral defect, causes MR, and failure to develop and paralysis |
| Myelocele: | A myelocele is characterized by a disorganized spinal cord that is exposed. A myelocele is usually fatal. |
| Prophylactic tx for SB: | 3 month pregravida folic acid supplements of 400 mcg/day |
| Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive brain damage resulting in mental and/or motor retardation before the age of" | three |
| Causes of CP: | gestational rubella infection, drugs/ETOH during gestation, hypoxia in utero, erythroblastosis fetalis |
| CVA is AKA | stroke |
| A cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is brain damage commonly resulting from: | cerebral aneurysm, cerebral infarction |
| A cerebral aneurysm can be detected with: | cerebral angiography |
| Risk factors for a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) include: | atherosclerosis, chronic HTN, A-fib |
| Increased risk of CVA has been linked to a deficiency of: | vitamin C and folate |
| CVAs usually occur after the age of: | 55 |
| Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) risk is: | 1 in 5 for women over 55 and 1 in 6 for men over 55 |
| Signs/symptoms of CVA: | dysphasia, blurred vision, ataxia, vertigo, N+V, hemiparesis, hemiplegia, LOC, FAST |
| Hemiplegia | partial paralysis on 1/2 the body |
| FAST | facial drooping, arm weakness, speech dif, time |
| Dx of CVA: | CT |
| Tx of CVA: | tPA therapy is effective within the first 3 hours of the onset of symptoms for a CVA caused by an embolus |
| A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is AKA: | little stroke or mini stroke |
| A TIA is characterized by: | ischemic brain tissue caused by a reduced flow of blood to the brain |
| Causes of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) include: | carotid atherosclerosis, emboli |
| Signs and symptoms of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) are the same as a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) except: | they dont last |
| Treatment (Tx) of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) includes: | prophylactic anticoagulant therapy |
| Cerebral Concussion (CC): | transient brain disorder resulting from a head trauma |
| Signs/symptoms of a CC: | LOC, amnesia about the accident, nausea, vertigo, cephalagia, perseverating (repeating yourself) |
| Treatment (Tx) of a cerebral concussion (CC) includes: | NVS (neurological vital signs) performed every 2 hours |
| Neurological vital signs (NVS) {“neuro checks”} include: | LOC status and orientation of spheres (persons, place, time), PEARRLA (pupils equal and round react to light and accommodation), Gait check |
| A cerebral contusion refers to a: | TBI |
| Complications associated with a cerebral contusion include: | inracranial hemorrhages causing increased ICP, coma, permanent brain damage |
| Intracranial hemorrhages include: | epidural, subdural, subarachnoid |
| Tx of a intracranial hemorrhage includes: | SAIDs, surgery to seal off the bleeding vessels and remove blood |
| A primary malignant brain tumor (BT) is called a: | glioma |
| Most BTs: | metastasize from other sites |
| Signs and symptoms of a brain tumor (BT) include: | cephalagia when bending over, personality changes, amnesia, diplopia, blindness, dysphasia, ataxia, seizures, come |
| Although benign brain tumors (BTs) are commonly removed surgically, malignant brain tumors (BTs) are usually: | inoperable |
| Treatment (Tx) for a malignant brain tumor (BT) includes: | chemotherapy/radiation |
| migraines: | severe cephalagia often accompanied by N+V and photophobia |
| Migraines are caused by: | constriction and dilation of cerebral arteries and the release of serotonin and prostaglandins |
| Migraine triggers include: | stress, food preservatives, weather, menses, fatigue, skipping meals, alterations in normal sleep patterns |
| Migraine triggers may be: | inherited |
| 60-70% of migraines are associated with hormonal fluctuations that occur during the : | menstrual cycle |
| Migraines commonly last from: | 4 hrs to 3 days |
| Migraine meds: | Motrin, Aleve, Excedrin Migraine, Ergomar, Calan |
Created by:
RBarnes86
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