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NHA EXAM INFECTION
MEDICAL ASSISTANT NHA EXAM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an Infectious Disease? | Those caused by pathogenic microorganisms-bacteria, viruses,parasites,and fungi-which can be spread from one person to another. |
| Pathogens | The microorganism that can cause diseases. |
| Resistance | The ability to defend against infection. |
| Reasons Prevention Is Important | 1)Easier and cheaper to prevent than treat 2)Contagious patients are present in the medical office 3)Increasing resistance 4)Lack of treatment for viruses 5)Epidemic of blood-borne diseases 6)Encroachment on formerly inaccessible habitant 7)Global travel |
| Virulent | Able to cause serious illness |
| Epidemic | Disease that attacks many people at one time |
| 5 types of microorganisms that cause human disease | Bacteria,specialized bacteria,viruses,fungi,and single-cell parasite |
| 3 types of Bacteria(Bacterium,Single) | Bacillus, Spirochetes, Spore |
| Rod shaped and cause tuberculosis, tetanus, and otitis media. | Bacillus |
| Long, spiral, flexible bacteria. They cause syphilis and Lyme disease. | Spirochetes |
| A dormant form that has formed a thick capsule around itself that is highly resistant to heat or chemicals. | Spore |
| Smaller them most bacteria and cannot survive or reproduce outside of the human host. They include rickettsia and chlamydia. | Specialized Bacteria |
| Smallest of infectious agents; they contain only DNA or RNA, but not both. | VIruses |
| Vary in size from miscroscope to visible with naked eye. 10X as large as bacteria. Includes yeasts and molds. | Fungi |
| Single-celled organisms that reproduce by budding. They cause candidiasis, vaginal infection, and infections in the mouth called thrush. | Yeast |
| They grow by extending tentacle-like projections. Visible to the naked eye. Include ringworm, nail fungus, and athlete's foot. | Mold |
| Larger organisms that live in or on another organism. They vary from single-celled organisms to worms and insects. | Parasites |
| Protozoa | Single-celled parasites that include species that cause diarrhea, trichomonas, vaginal infections, urinary tract and malaria. |
| Metazoa | Multicellular parasites that often have complicated life cycles, which may include multiple hosts. |
| 6 conditions that are necessary for microorganisms to grow and thrive: | 1)A moist environment: the body is very moist 2)Nutrients 3)Temperature of around 98.6F(Normal Temp.) 4)Darkness 5)Neutral to slightly alkaline pH 6)Either an oygen source or an absence of oxygen |
| pH | is a measure of the amount of acid in anything: a slightly alkaline pH is one with minimal acidity. |
| aerobic | organism that requires oxygen |
| anaerobic | organism that does not require oxygen |
| colonization | taking over space and growing |
| 3 normal physical factors that help the body fight off harmful microorganisms | Intact Skin, Mucous Membranes, and Secretions |
| Mechanical responses the body makes to remove harmful irritants and pathogens | Physiologic Responses |
| Inflammation | the reaction of any tissue to injury |
| Four classic characteristics of inflammation: | Redness, Swelling, Pain, and Heat. |
| Immune System | Recognizes, attacks, and destroys pathogens |
| antigens | a protein that is perceived to be foreign |
| antibodies | specific protein that attach to the antigens, immobilize them, and target them for destruction. |
| Antibodies are also called... | Immunoglobulins or gamma globulins |
| Make up about 15 percent of proteins in a person's blood: | antibodies |
| Two types of responses the body has to antigens: | cell-mediated immune response and humoral immune response |
| Two types of immunity an individual can have: | Genetic Immunity or Acquired Immunity |
| Immunity is based on a person's gentic resistance to many diseases. | Genetic Immunity |
| Immunity results from the presence of antibodies. | Acquired Immunity |
| 4 types of Acquired Immunity | Active Immunity, Passive Immunity, Natural Immunity, and Artificial Immunity |
| If the person developed his or her own antibodies: | Active Immunity |
| If antibodies are introduced from the outside: | Passive Immunity |
| If the antibodies have been formed as a response to contacting a disease: | Natural Immunity |
| If the immunity is developed as an outcome of immunization: | Artificial Immunity |
| Infection Cycle | Reservoir or reservoir host-Portal of exit-Means of transmission-Portal of Entry-Susceptible host |
| Means sterile | Asepsis |
| Sterile | Free of microorganisms |
| Medical Asepsis | Also called clean technique also aimed at removing pathogens and reducing transfer of microorganisms by cleaning any body part or surface that has been exposed to them. |
| Also called sterile technique and the destruction of all microorganisms | Surgical Asepsis |
| Sterile Technique | The destruction of all microorganisms |
| The single most important means of preventing spread of an infection | is frequent and effectiive handwashing by all medical office personnel. |
| 5 other ways to maintain asepsis | General Cleaning, Use of PPE, Proper Disposal of Hazardous Waste, Clean and Disinfect Contaminated Areas, and Clean and Sterilize Equipment |
| Should be used whenever there is a chance of coming into contact with body fluids. | PPE(Personal Protective Equipment) |
| What temperature should water boil to when disinfecting? | 212oF |
| How long do you have to boil bacteria to make sure everything is disinfected? | 15 mins at a rolling boil, however bacterial spores and some viruses can survive. |
| Refers to the killing of all microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and bacterial spores. | Sterilization |
| 4 means to provide sterilization: | Chemical, Gas, Dry Heat, and Steam |
| The most common method of sterilization in the medical office: | Using an Autoclave |
| How long do you place unwrapped items in the autoclave? | 15 mins |
| How long do you place wrapped instrument packages? | 30 mins |
| How long do you place large double-wrapped packs in the autoclave? | 45 mins or longer |
| The average adult has how much blood in his or her body? | 10-12 pints(about 6 liters) |
| What system does blood transport through? | Circulatory System |
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