click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Lab Practical #3!
Ms. Ropski Lab Practical on Respiratory, Excretion and Urinary, and Reproduction
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Pulmonary Ventilation | -aka Breathing -2 parts: inspiration (air is taken into lungs) & Expiration (air passes out of lungs) |
Boyle's Law | -pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume |
Spirometry | -technique for measuring lung volumes and capacities -A person's size, gender, and physical condition produce variations in respiratory volumes. |
Tidal Volume (TV) | amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting condtition -Clinical range: 500 mL for females and males -To conduct: inhale and exhale normally |
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation -clinical: 900 to 1900 mL for females and 2300 to 3300 mL for males -IRV = VC - TV - ERV |
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation -Clinical: 600-800 mL for females and 1000-1200 mL for males -to conduct exhale normally then forcibly exhale into spirometer (don't inhale) |
Vital Capacity (VC) | the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation -Clinical: 2900-3100 mL females and 4500-4800 mL males -to conduct: breathe in and out normally 2 or 3 times then forcibly inhale and exhale all of the air in your body |
Spirometer | -measures repiratory volumes -2 types: -1) dry or handheld wheel -2) wet or Phipps and Bird spirometer |
BTPS Factor | -Body, Temp, atmospheric pressure, and water saturation -is 1.1 -used because the pressure and temp inside the spirometer are influenced by room temp and differ from those in the body. |
Minute Respiratory Volume(MRV) | volume of air moved into respiratory passageways in one minute MRV= TV x respirations/min |
Residual Volume (RV) | The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a mix expiratory effort. -cannot be measured -clinical: 1100mL Females 1200mL males - RV = VC x factor |
Pseudostratified Cilliated Columnar Epithelium | -lines the lumen of the larynx, trachea and upper respiratory tract. |
Simple Squamous Epithelium | -in aveoli -allows for gas exchange |
Hyaline Cartilage | -makes up the 9 cartilages that make up the larynx and the tracheal rings |
Elastic Cartilage | located in the epiglottis |
Spirometer | -measures repiratory volumes -2 types: -1) dry or handheld wheel -2) wet or Phipps and Bird spirometer |
BTPS Factor | -Body, Temp, atmospheric pressure, and water saturation -is 1.1 -used because the pressure and temp inside the spirometer are influenced by room temp and differ from those in the body. |
Minute Respiratory Volume(MRV) | volume of air moved into respiratory passageways in one minute MRV= TV x respirations/min |
Residual Volume (RV) | The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a mix expiratory effort. -cannot be measured -clinical: 1100mL Females 1200mL males - RV = VC x factor |
Pseudostratified Cilliated Columnar Epithelium | -lines the lumen of the larynx, trachea and upper respiratory tract. |
Simple Squamous Epithelium | -in aveoli -allows for gas exchange |
Hyaline Cartilage | -makes up the 9 cartilages that make up the larynx and the tracheal rings |
Elastic Cartilage | located in the epiglottis |
What is the primary function of the kidney? | -to regulate the composition of the plasma and body tissue fluid. |
What do the kidneys regulate? | 1-the volume of blood plasma by adjusting the amount of water excreted in uring 2- the concentration of electrolytes 3-the concentration of nitrogenout metabolic waste products in plasma 4-pH of plasma |
Urine | -waste product of our body -modified filtrate of the plasma -25-35 grams of urea excreted in a 24-hour period |
What are the 3 basic processes that make urine? | -Glomerular flitration -Tubular reabsorption -tubular secretion |
What did we use in all of the plasma tests | -bovine serum (cow plasma) |
Urinalysis | observing the physicalcharacteristics of a urine sample and testing for the presence of certain organic and inorganic substances |
Color of urine | Normal urine varies from pale yellow to dark amber depending on the presence of urochromes |
Urochromes | pigments produced during the decomp of hemoglobin hemoglogin->Hematin->Bilirubin->urochomogen->urochrome |
How does diet affect urine? | Pigments in certain foods may be excreted in urine and aler the color. ex: carots cause urine to be more ellow due to carotene, beets cause reddening, rhubarb causes urine to be brown |
How does the concentration affect urine? | The more concentrated to urine, the darker its color. Very concentrated urine may be dark yellow or brown. Very dilute uring may have only a tint of yellow. |
How do medications affect urine? | -some medications (like certain vitamins) may also affect the color of urine |
What transparency should urine and plasma be? | Urine should be clear, plasma should be slightly cloudy |
Odor of urine | -varies with dietary intake -some foold such as asparagus and cabbage may give urine a strong odor -offensive odor sometimes caused by exretion of certain drugs -odor comes from ammonium carbonate caused by bacterial decomp of urea |
pH of urine | -can be b/w 4.8-8.0, but most is around 6.0 -meats make it more acidic (5.0-6.0, vegetables make it more basic (7.0-8.0) |
What inorganic ions did we test for? | -ammonium -Calcium -Bicarbonate - Chloride -Phosphate -Sulfate |
Test for ammonium ion | -make sure urine is alkaline -put a piece of litmus paper in the top of the tube -boil it for 5 minutes -if litmus paper turnns blue, then ammonium ion is present |
Test for Calcium Ion | -if cloudy precipitate appears, positive for calcium -2% oxalic acid |
Test for bicarbonate | -slowly drop acid into tube, if gas bubbles appear, it's positive 10% hydrochloric acid |
Test for Chloride Ion | -Drop 2% silver nitrate, if thick curd;like preipitate, its high concentration -if thin, milky precipitate, low conctentration |
Test for Phosphate Ion | -add drops of ferric chloride -precipitate=positive |
Test for Sulfate Ion | -add 2% barium chloride -cloudy precipitate at top = positive |
Test for albumin | -make sure urine is alkaline -boil for 5 minutes, precipitate could occur (positive) -add HCL. if preicpitate is still there, protein is present in urine (bad!!) |
Test for glucose | -Benedicts -yeast respiration: phenol red |
What did plasma test positive for? | -Ammonium -Bicarbonate -Chloride -Phosphate -Albumin -Yeast Respiration |
What did plasma test negative for? | -Calcium and Sulfate -Urea |
Chemical Breakdown reaction of Urea | -called: Urease H4CN2O + H2O --> CO2 + 2 NH3 |
Asexual Reproduction | no fusion of a sperm and a secondary oocyte and usually requires mitosis followed by cytokinesis |
Sexual Reproduction | -More complicated with meiosis required to form gametes (sperm and secondary oocyte), the specialized haploid cells that must fuse to form a dipoid zygote. |
Binary Fission | -method of asexual repro -a parent cell mitotically divides into two cells of equal size -occurs in protozoas and in many invertebrates like sea anemones |
Budding | -method of asexual repro - a new individual grows out from the body of the parent organism and either splits from the parent or stays attched to form large colonie -yeast, cnidarians like Hydra, flatworms |
Fragmentation | -method of asexual repro -the body breaks into several pieces and each piece develops into a new individual. -fould in sponges, cnidarians, and tunicates -usually accompanied by regeneration |
Regeneration | -Method of sexual repro -an injury occurs and 2 or more individuals are formed as a result -ex: echinoderms |
Apomixis | -asexual repro that only occurs in plants -when new plants are formed without pollination -occurs in strawberries and mosses |
Sporulation | -happens in plants -when haploid spores develop into mature organisms without fusion of gametes -occurs in all land plants that exhibit alternation of generations |
Vegetative Reproduction | -occurs in plants, asexual repro -where cuttings from shoots or stems of mature plants are physically separated from the parent and placed in water or moist soil where they grow |
Vegetative Propagation | -asexual, occurs in plants -where commercial crops are not grown from seed becuase of difficulties with that process and the lack of uniformity |
Gametes | Specialized cells that Transfer complete sets of genes |
Gametosgenesis | The production of reproductive haploid cells by meiosis and occurs in each gender (spermogensis in males and oogenesis in females_ |
Spermatogensis | -continuous process that occurs in the sertoli cells located in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. -FSH from the anterior pituitary causes each mitotic division to form different types of spermatogonia |
Steps of Spermatogenesis | A1 spermatogonium (diploid) -> A2-> A3-> A4 -> Intermediate spermatogonium-> B spermatogonium (diploid)-> Primary spermatocyte-> Meiosis 1-> Secondary spermatocyte(haploid)-> Meiosis II -> Spermatids (haploid)-> Spermatozoa (haploid) |
Facts about sperms! | -sperm maturation takes 64-69 days -1000 permatids produced per heartbeat per testicle -average ejaculate contains around 200-400 million sperm |
3 anatomical regions of sperm | Head or nucleus-> contains the haploid DNA Midpiece of the tail-> consists of the centriole wrapped tightly with mitochondria that provide energy; this is termed spiral mitochondria Tail-> have proteins that make it motile |
Oogenesis | not continuous -occurs in the follicles in the cortex of the ovary -happens b/w the 2nd and 7th month of embryotic development -produces 7 million oogonia, but only 2 million enter meiosis and enlarge to form primary oocytespuberty=40,000 oocytes remai |
Steps of oogenesis | 1.FSH-> maturation of 5 to 12 follicles 2.Follicles Release estrogen 3.Once it matures, it's called a Graafian follicle |
Ovulation | -the secondary oocyte is released from the rupturing Graafian follicle. At this point the secondary oocyte is ferilizable within 12 to 24 hours |
Gametogenesis | Where haploid gametes are formed by the potential parents |
Fertilization | where the gametes fuse to form the diploid zygote which is thus activated to perform metabolic reactions and start dividing |
Parthenogenesis | -egg develops by itself Caused by: temp differences, increase in Ca ions inside plasma membrane, gamete can be diploid and fertilization is not neede |
Cleavage | rapid cell division with little or no protein synthesis; therefore, there is no increase in size of the egg mass. -process is callllled blastulation |
Bastula | -the end result of cleavage -a hollow ball of thousands of cells |
Gastrulation | -differentiated cells move appropriate location and produce an embryo with three layers of cells |
Organogenesis | -rudimentary formation of various organs in the embryo |
Neuralation | -the formation of the neural tube that is the basis for the nervous system -followed by further differentiation and rapid growth of the embryo |
Oviparous | -lay eggs outside that female's body where the young will hatch |
Viviparous | --organisms give birth to live young that have been nourished in the uterus by blood via the placenta |
Ovoviviparous | -organisms incorporate both mechanisms -reain fertilized eggs in the oviduct where the embryos are nourished by egg yolk, after hatching within the uterus the young are then delivered alive |
4 types of eggs found in Kindgom Animalia: | mammals=isolecithal- small amt of yolk that is evenly dist thru egg Amphibians=mesolecithal egg- mod amt of ylk localized in one place Birds and reptile=tolelecithal-large amt. yolk wich is the swollen egg cell Insects-centrolecithal- lg central yolk |
The secondary Oocyte | -in amphibians -consists of 2 portions: -animal hemisphere or pole: dark grey or brown since it contains melanin granules =Vegetal Hemisphere or vegetal pole: lacks melanin granules, yolk-filled portion is yellow -released into water |
Zygote | -the one cell stage boefore division starts -heavier portion (vegetal pole) faces down |
Grey Cresent | -and indication fertilization has occured -forms on the side opposite to sperm penetration bc there is a pinching of the plasma membrane at the penetration site and this exposes the lighter grey cells on the other side |
Early Cleavage | -marked by the appearance of a groove on the animal pole of the zygote -cleavage furrow extends toward the opposite side of zygote; two cells now -4 cell stage, cleavage furrow at right angles of first 3rd cleavage (horizontal), perpindicular to 1st 2 |
Morula | -what is formed at the 32-cell stage -solid ball |
Blastocoel | -as the cells continue to divide, this is the fluid-filled space -bc of the localized yolk in one hemisphere in frogs, the unequal division during cleavage results in polarity w the blastocoel nearer the animal pole |
Archenteron | As the gastrocoel enlarges inward, the cells surrounding it organize as endoderm. At this point the cavity is called this and eventually becomes the primitive gut. |
Gastrocoel | The cells of the blastopore will move away from the blastopore and form this cavity |
Endoderm | this germ layer is made of those cells that first moved inward made from 2 parts of the blastula: marginal and vegetal marginal endoderm= foregut vegetal endoderm lies on the floor of the archenteron=midgut |
What does the endoderm turn into? | -inner layer -digestive tract -glands including the thymus, thyroid, parathyroid -epithelia linig of digestive system -respiratory system -portions of the urogenital system |
Mesoderm | -middle layer -cells that invaginate at the ventral and lateral margins of the blastopore |
What does the mesoderm turn into? | -skeletal -muscular -urogenital -cardiovascular -lymphatic -peritoneum -the dermis of the integument -notochord |
Ectoderm | -outermost layer -arises from the spreading and thinning of the remaining exterior animal pole cells that enclose the embryo two types: neural ectoderm and cutaneous ectoderm |
Neural Ectoderm | will become the brain and spinal cord of the nervous system |
Cutaneous Ectoderm | -will make epidermal structures the skin and its derivatives (hair and follicles, nails, claws) -sensory receptors in the epidermis, sweat glands, and the cornea of and lens of the eye |
The end of gastrulation is marked by.. | complete closuer of the blastopore |
Neural plate | -this is where the neural ectoderm on the dorsal side of the embryo begins to thicked and form this |
Neural Groove | -the central area of the neural plate gradually becomes depressed to form this while the lateral edges of the plate thicken to form the neural ford |
Notochord | derived from dorsal mesoderm and is a flexible rod that occurs during development of chordates |
Somites | -the structures that are arranged serially on both sides of the notochord |