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HA Ch. 18 (20)
Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The circulatory system is comprised of the | cardiovascular and lymphatic system |
| cardiovascular system includes the | heart, blood vessels, and blood |
| the lymphatic system consists of | lyphatic vessels and lymph |
| the main function of the cardiovascular system is to | transport cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes, and respiratory gases throughout the body |
| blood is a | specialized fluid connective tissue |
| blood distributes | nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to every cell in the body |
| blood delivers | metabolic wastes to the kidneys for excretion |
| blood transports | immunological cells that provide defense to peripheral tissues, from pathogens to toxins |
| blood stablizes the | pH and electrolyte composition of interstitial fluid |
| blood's..restricts the loss of | clotting reaction...fluid through damaged vessels or tissue injury |
| blood also stabilizes the | body temp by absorbing and redistributing heat |
| the two primary components of blood | plasma and formed elements |
| plasma is the liquid | matrix of blood, which is only slightly denser than water |
| plasma contains | dissolved proteins instead of the collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers found in typicaL loose CTs |
| formed elements are | blood cells and fragments suspended in the plasma |
| formed elements include | red blood cells (erythrocytes) white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes) |
| whole blood is a | mixture of both the plasma and the formed elements |
| for clinical purposes, the compnonents of whole blood may be | seperated or fractioned |
| whole blood is...which are characteristics that determine the | sticky, cohesive, and resistant to flow...viscosity of a solution |
| how many liters of whole blood in the cardiovascular system are in adult males | 5-6 liters |
| how many liters of whole blood are in the cardiovascular system in adult females | 4-5 liters |
| whole blood has an alkaline range of | 7.35-7.45 |
| hypovolemic | low blood volume |
| normovolemic | normal blood volume |
| hypervolemic | high blood volume |
| plasma accounts for about | 55% of blood volume |
| plasma contains | 92% water |
| differences between plasma and interstitial fluid involve the | concentration of dissolved gases and proteins |
| dissolved oxygen concentration in plasma is...dissolved carbon dioxide concentration in interstitial fluid is... | higher...higher in interstitial fluid |
| significant numbers of | dissolved proteins in plasma |
| most plasma proteins are..., preventing... | large and globular...them from crossing the capillary walls |
| three classes of plasma proteins include | albumins, globulins, fibrinogens |
| albumins constitute | 60% of the plasma proteins |
| albumins are the...of the major plasma proteins | smallest |
| albumins are major contributors to the | osmotic pressure of the plasma |
| albumins play and important role in the | transportof fatty acids, steriod hormones, and other substances |
| globulins constitute | 35% of the plasma proteins |
| two types of globulins are | immunoglobulins and transport globulins |
| immunoglobulins also called...attack | antibodies...foreign proteins and pathogens |
| transport globulins bind | small ions, hormones, and other compounds such as insoluble compounds and compounds to be excreted at the kidneys |
| fibrinogens account for | 4% of the plasma proteins |
| fibrinogens are the | largest of the plasma proteins |
| fibrinogens are essential for the | clotting reaction |
| fibrinogen molecules interact with | each other to form the large, insoluble strands of fibrin, under normal conditions |
| fibrin fibers provide the | basic framework for a blood clot |
| serum is the | fluid that remains if fibrinogen is removed from plasma |
| when albumins or globulins attach to..they form... | lipids that are not water-soluble...lipoproteins |
| lipoproteins are | protein-lipid combinations that readily dissolve in plasma, thus enable insoluble lipids to be delivered to peripheral tissues |
| the primary source of plasma proteins is the...which... | liver...synthesizes and releases more than 90% of such proteins |
| the major cellular components of blood are | erythrocytes and leukocytes |
| the non-cellular formed elements of blood are the | platelets which function in the clotting reaction |
| erythrocytes (RBC) account for slightly less than | 50% of the total blood volume |
| hematocrit value indicates the | percentage of whole blood contributed by formed elements |
| the hematocrit value closely approximates the | volume of RBCs because blood has a content ratio of 1000 RBCs for each WBC |
| erythrocytes are...whose unusual shape provides | anucleate, biconcave discs...strength and flexibility |
| the biconcave disc shape also provides | a disproportionately large surface area for a cell its size, which permits rapid diffusion between the RBC cytoplasm and surrounding plasma |
| there are NO ...in erythrocytes | mitochondria or ribosomes |
| erythrocytes have red color due to | presence of hemoglobin molecules |
| ciculation lifespan of erythrocytes | 120 days |
| damaged or dead RBCs are | recycled by phagocytes |
| rouleaux are the stacks formed by the | RBCs due to their biconcave shape, allowing them to pass easily through small vessels |
| hemoglobin molecules account for | more than 95% of the proteins of RBCs |
| hemoglobin confers RBCs with the ablitity to | transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| hemoglobin contains a | globular protein formed from four subunits |
| each subunit contains a | single molecule of HEME which holds an iron ion that can freely interact with an oxygen molecule |
| RBCs transport | dissolved o2 from the lungs to the tissues |
| respiratory gas (o2) exchange occurs at the | lungs |
| co2 diffuses out of the | blood and o2 diffuses into the blood |
| transport co2 from the | tissues to the lungs |
| respiratory gas (co2) exchange in the | peripheral tissues |
| o2 diffuses out of the...and co2 diffues into the... | blood...blood |
| blood types are determined by the | presence or absence of specific components called surface antigens in the plasmalemmae of RBCs |
| three surface antigens of particular importance are assigned as A, B, and D (Rh) | type A blood, type B blood, Type O blood |
| type A blood has | surface antigen A |
| type B blood has | surface antigen B |
| type O blood has | neither surface antigen |
| Rh + blood has | Rh surface antigen (D surface antigen) |
| Rh - blood does not have | Rh surface antigen |
| agglutinins are | antibodies that are specific to these surface antigens |
| during blood transfusion...occurs when... | cross-reaction...antibodies within a person's plasma react with RBCs bearing foreign surface antigens |
| initially, agglutination occurs in which the | RBCs clump together |
| the RBCs may also | hemolyze or rupture during cross reaction |
| compatibility of the blood types of the donor and the recipient avoids | cross reaction |
| leukocytes are | scattered throughout the peripheral tissues |
| WBCs represent only a | small fraction of their total population |
| leukocytes help | defend the body against pathogens |
| WBCs remove | toxins, wastes, abnormal or damaged cells |
| WBCs contain | nuclei of characteristic sizes and shapes |
| WBCs are as | large or larger than erythrocytes |
| two classes of leukocytes | granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes |
| granular leukocytes have | large granular inclusions in their cytoplasm |
| agranular leukocytes do not have | visible cytoplasmic granules |
| differential count of the WBC population is provided by | a stained blood smear |
| typical microliter of blood contains | 6000-9000 WBCs |
| leukopenia indicates | inadequate numbers of leukocytes |
| leukocytosis refers to | excessive numbers of leukocytes |
| the suffixes -penia and -osis are used to | indicate low or high numbers of specific types of WBCs |
| diapedesis is the ability to | move through vessel walls |
| WBCs can migrate | across the endothelial lining of a capillary by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells |
| chemotaxis is the attraction to | specific chemical stimuli |
| WBCs are attracted to the | chemical signs of inflammation or infection in the adjacent interstitial fluids, thereby drawing them to invading pathogens, damaged tissues, and other WBCs that are already in the damaged tissues |
| three types of granular leukocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| neutrophils account for | 50-70% of the circulating WBCs |
| neutrophil's cytoplasm is packed with | pale, neutral-staning granules that contain lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal compounds |
| mature neutrophils have a diameter of | 12-15 um, making them nearly twice the size of a RBC |
| a neutrophil contains a very | dense, controted nucleus |
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes are neutrophils whose nuclei have been | condensed into a series of lobes, giving them the apperance of beads on a string |
| neutrophils are highly | mobile phagocytes which specialize in attacking and digesting bacteria |
| neutrophils have a | short life span of about 12 hours |
| neutrophils are usually the | first of the WBCs to arrive at an injury site |
| eosinophils represent | 2-4% of the circulating WBCs |
| eosinophils have | cytoplasmic granules that stain with eosin |
| eosinophils are similar in size to | neutrophils |
| eosinophils have deep | red granules in their cytoplasm |
| the eosinophils' hallmark characteristic is the | bilobed nucleus |
| eosinophils are | phagocytic cells, which are attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with circulating antibodies |
| the presence of eosinophils increase dramatically during an | allergic reaction or a parasitic infection |
| eosinophils are also attracted to | damaged tissues, where they release enzymes that reduce inflammation and control its spread to adjacent tissues |
| basophils account for less than | 1% of circulating WBCs |
| basophils have numerous | cytoplasmic granules that stain with basic dyes |
| basophils migrate to | injury sites and cross the capillary endothelium to accumulate within the damaged tissues where they discharge their granules into interstitial fluids |
| basophil's granules contain | histamine and heparin |
| histamines are compounds that | dilate blood vessels |
| heparin are compounds that | prevents blood from clotting |
| when basophil's granules are released, they | increase the capillary and venule permeability resulting in increased inflammation response at the injury site |
| basophils also release chemicals that | stimulate mast cells and attract other basophils and other WBCs to the inujured area |
| two types of agranular leukocytes | monocytes and lymphocytes |
| monocytes represent | 2-8% of the WBC population |
| monocytes are the | largest of the WBCs (16-20 um in diameter) |
| monocytes are about | 2-3x the diameter of a typical RBC |
| monocytes are almost | spherical in shape |
| monocytes are relatively easy to identify by their | size and shape of nucleus which is typically a large oval or kidney bean shaped nucleus |
| monocytes become | free macrophages when they leave the bloodstream and enter peripheral tissues |
| during the monocytes phagocytic action, they release | chemicals that attract and stimulate other monocytes and other phagocytic cells |
| lymphocytes account for | 20-30% of the WBC populations |
| lymphocytes typically appears as having very little | cytoplasm that forms a thin halo around a relatively large, round purple-staining nucleus |
| lymphocytes are usually | slightly larger than RBCs |
| lymphocytes are the | primary cells of the lymphoid system |
| lymphocytes are responsible for | specific immunity |
| the lymphoid system is a network of | special vessels and organs that are distinct from, but connected to those of the cardiovascular system |
| specific immunity is the body's ability to | mount a counterattack against invading pathogens or foreign proteins on an individual basis |
| three groups of lymphocytes include | t cells, b cells, and NK cells |
| t cells enter | peripheral tissues and attack foreign cells directly |
| b cells differentiate into | plasmocytes that secrete antibodies that attack foreign cells or proteins in distant portion of the body |
| NK cells or...are cells that are responsible for... | natural killer cells...immune surveillance |
| immune surveillance is a process which | destroys abnormal tissue cells |
| t cells and b cells cannot be | distinguished with the light microscope |
| platelets are | flattened, membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm which appear round when viewed from above and appear spindle-shaped when viewed in section |
| platelets are sometimes referred to as | thromobocytes although platelets technically are not cells |
| megakaryoctyes are | enormous cells that shed their cytoplasm in membrane-enclosed packets which are released into the blood circulation |
| a mature megakaryocyte produces around | 4000 platelets |
| platelets are | continually replaced |
| circulation life span for megakaryocytes of | 10-12 days |
| an average of...plateltes per 1 ul of blood | 350,000 |
| thrombocytopenia is an | abnormally low platelet count which indicates excessive platelet destruction or inadequate platelet production |
| thrombocytosis is an | excessive platelet count which indicates accelerated platelet formation in response to infection, inflammation or cancer |
| hemostatis is a process that | prevents the loss of blood through the walls of damaged vessels |
| platelets are one of the components in a | vascular clotting system that also includes plasma proteins and the cells and tissues of the circulatory system |
| platelets transport | chemicals that are important to the clotting reaction |
| platelets release | enzymes and other factors to initate and control the clotting process |
| platelets form a | temporary patch in the walls of damaged blood vessels |
| platelets form a platelet... | plug by clumping together at the injury site, thereby reducing the rate of blood loss while clotting occurs |
| after clot formation has occured, there is...which reduces the... | active contraction...size of the break in the vessel wall |
| platelets contain | filaments of actin and myosin that allow them to produce contractions |
| hemopoiesis is the process of | blood cell formation |
| embryonic blood cells differentiate into | stem cells that produce blood cells by their divisions |
| the bone marrow becomes the | primary site of blood cell formation in adults |
| stem cells, called....or...divide to give... | pluripotential stem cells...hemocytoblasts...rise to all the blood cells |
| pluripotential stem cells give risse to two | multipotential stem cell lines (multipotential myeloid stem cells and multipotential lympoid stem cells) |
| multipotential myeloid stem cells divide to form | five different types of stem cell lines, each with relatively restricted functions |
| 2 of the stem cell lines (myeloid stem cells) produce | RBCs and megakaryocytes |
| the other 3 stem cell lines (myeloid stem cells) give rise to the | various forms of WBCs |
| multipotential lymphoid stem cells divide to form | two different types of stem cell lines, each wih relatively restricted functions as well |
| one stem cell line (lympoid stem cells) ultimately forms | plasmocytes |
| the other stem cell line (lymphoid stem cells) forms | t cells |
| erythropoiesis is the formation of | erythrocytes or RBCs |
| erythropoiesis occurs | primarily within the red bone marrow in adults |
| normal erythropoiesis in myeloid tissues requires | adequate supplies of amino acids, iron, and vitamen B, a vitamin obtain from dairy products and meat |
| erythropoiesis stimulating hormone is a hormone that regulates | erythropoiesis |
| EPO is produced and secreted under | hypoxic conditions, mainly in the kidneys |
| EPO stimulates | increased rates of cell division in erythroblasts and in the stem cells that produce erythroblasts |
| EPO increases the | rate of RBC maturation mainly by accelerating the rate of hemoglobin synthesis |
| erythroblasts are very | immature RBCs that are actively synthesizing hemoglobin |
| reticulocytes are | mature RBCs that have just shed their nuclei |
| reticulocytes are the...in maturation process | last step |
| reticulocytes enter the | blood circulation |
| reticulocytes gradually develop the apperance of | mature erythrocytes (RBCs) |
| leukopoiesis is the production of | leukocytes or WBCs |
| stem cells for the production of WBCs...in the | originate...bone marrow |
| granulocytes... their development in the | complete...bone marrow |
| monocytes...their differentation in the... | begin..bone marrow |
| monocytes go from bone marrow to the | blood circulation |
| monocytes finally complete their development when they become | free macrophages in peripheral tissues |
| lymphopoiesis is the production of | lymphocytes |
| lymphocyte's stem cells originate in the bone marrow also, but many of them | subsequently migrate to the thymus |
| primary lymphoid organs | the bone marrow and thymus producte daughter cells destined to become specialized lymphocytes |
| in the bone marrow, lymphocytes produce | immature B cells and NK cells |
| in the thymus, lymphocytes produce | immature T cells |
| the immature cells may subsequently | migrate to secondary lymphoid structures such as the spleen, tonsils, or lymph nodes |
| regulating factors for lymphocyte maturation have | yet to be fully understood |
| colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) | collective group of several hormones involved in the regulation of other WBC populations |
| commercially available CSFs have a | clinical use in cancer chemotherapy in that they stimulate the production of WBC |
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