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I. Anat 15
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| System of breathing includes accessory structures | Respiratory system |
| Air passage from the nose to upper trachea | Upper Divison (found in the chest cavity) |
| Lower division of respiratory system is found outside the ___ | Chest cavity |
| Nostrils aka | Nares |
| Keeps the nasal passage open | Cartilage |
| Hair in nasal cavity is called | Vabrisae |
| Vabrisae does what | Traps particles in nasal cavity |
| # nasal cavities | 2 |
| Bone and soft tissue that separates the cavities | Nasal septum |
| Vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone make up the ____ | Nasal septum |
| Epithelium in nasal cavity | Nasal mucosa |
| Some nasal mucosa is ___ | Ciliated |
| ___cells produce mucosa | Goblet |
| 3 curly bones on each lateral wall | Conchae |
| Conchae bones are classified as __, ___, and ___ | Superior, inferior, middle |
| Conchae ____air | Conditions |
| Turbulence warms and humidifies air and traps particles in mucus | Condition air |
| Chemo receptor from the cranial nerve 1 that come through the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone | Olfactory receptors |
| Air filled cavities in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid bones (mastoid sinuses) | Paranasal sinus |
| Paranasal sinus has ____epithelium | Ciliated |
| Function of paranasal sinus | Lighten skull, resonance |
| Muscular tune posterior to the nasal and oral cavities | Pharynx |
| Pharynx has # parts | 3 |
| Parts of pharynx | Laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx |
| __pharynx most superior | Naso |
| __pharynx posterior to the nasal cavity | Naso |
| Soft tissue continuation of hard palate | Soft palate |
| Separates oro and nasopharynx | Soft palate |
| Elevated during swallowing to prevent bolus form entering nasopharynx | Soft palate |
| Pharyngeal tonsils aka | Adenoids |
| Lymphatic organ for immunity (3) | Palatine, Lingual, and Pharyngeal tonsils |
| Opening from the middle ear | Eustachian tubes |
| Eustachian tubes permit ____of air pressure | Equalization |
| __pharynx behind the oral cavity | Oro |
| __pharynx is the passage for air and food | Oro |
| Oropharynx has __ ___ epithelium | Stratified squamous |
| “Tonsils” aka | Palatine tonsils |
| Lymphatic organ for immunity right behind the tongue | Lingual tonsils |
| __pharynx is inferior | Laryngo |
| __pharynx opens anteriorly to larynx and inferior to esophagus | Laryngo |
| __pharynx + contraction with oropharynx initiate ___ | Laryngo, swallowing |
| Larynx aka | Voice box |
| Sound generation and air passage (speaking, breathing) | Larynx |
| Larynx is kept open with ___ | Cartilage |
| Adams apple is made of ____ cartilage | Thyroid |
| Cartilage that lowers to close passage to larynx during swallowing | Epiglottis |
| Sweeps debris upward to oropharynx (except vocal cords) | Ciliated epithelium |
| Vibrate to make sound waves | Vocal cords |
| Vocal cords aka | Vocal folds |
| Opening between vocal cords | Glottis |
| “Wind pipe” | Trachea |
| Trachea is #-# inches | 4, 5 |
| Goes from larynx to primary bronchi | Trachea |
| Trachea has 16-20 __ shaped rings | C |
| C rings gap ___ to permit ___ | Posteriorly, swallowing |
| Trachea has ___ epithelium (with goblet cells) | Ciliated |
| Paired, first division of the trachea that enters the right and left lunch | Primary bronchi |
| Primary bronchi also has ___ rings (unknown why) | C |
| Primary bronchi has ___ epithelium (with goblet cells) | Ciliated |
| ___ ____ end at each lung | Primary bronchi |
| Further branches of primary bronchi | Secondary bronchi |
| Secondary has # lobes on right | 3 |
| Secondary has # lobes on left | 2 |
| Why are the number of lobes in the lung different | The heart take up more space on the left side, thus only room for 2 lobes |
| Bronchi become smaller and smaller until they become | Bronchioles |
| Bronchioles have no__ | Cartilage |
| Bronchioles are made of ____ _____ muscle | Circular smooth |
| Bronchioles are made of circular smooth muscle cause the ___________ | Contract and get smaller |
| Bronchioles terminate at the ___ | Alveoli |
| Lateral to the heart | Lungs |
| Lungs rest on the ___ | Diaphragm |
| ___ of the lungs is level with clavicle | Apex |
| Indentation on medial surface when primary bronchi, vessels and nerves enter and exit the lungs | Hilus |
| Pleural membranes are ___membranes | Serous |
| Lines thoracic cavity | Parietal membrane |
| Covers the lungs | Visceral membrane |
| Secretion of pleural fluid does what | Reduces friction |
| Millions of air sacs where bronchioles terminate and where gas exchange occurs | Alveoli |
| ___have surface area of 700-800sq ft | Alveoli |
| Alveoli have # cell types | 2 |
| Alveoli cell types are | Type I and Type II |
| Alveolar type ___ cells form the majority of alveolar wall | 1 |
| Generally a single layer of squamous epithelium | Type 1 |
| Alveolar type ___ cells produce pulmonary surfactant | 2 |
| Fluid produced to prevent walls of alveoli from sticking together by decreasing surface tension | Surfactant |
| __ connective tissue connect alveoli | Elastic |
| ___ are within alveoli | Macrophages Alveoli are surrounded with ____ |
| Movement of air to and from alveoli | Ventilation |
| Inhalation aka | Inspire |
| Breathing in | Inhalations / Inspiration |
| Exhalation aka | Expire |
| Breathing out | Exhalation / Expiration |
| Rhythmicity of breathing controlled by ___ and ___ | Medulla, pons |
| Impulse carried by ___ nerve (supplies diaphragm) | Phrenic |
| Diaphragm, internal and external intercostal muscles | Primary muscles |
| Accessory aka | Secondary |
| Assist other muscles | Secondary muscles |
| ___ and __ -nerves are in control on inhalations | Phrenic, intercostal |
| Inhalation: diaphragm ___ and____ pulling the chest cavity open | Contracts and flattens |
| External intercostal muscles pull the ribs ___ and ___ | Up, out |
| Since there is no air in the ___ space, the lungs are opened up with the chest which pulls the air | Pleural |
| During exhalation the muscles of inhalation____ | Relax |
| Exhalation requires no ___ | Energy |
| ___ exhalation (singing, sneezing, coughing) the internal intercostals pull ribs down and in | Forced |
| Capacities of the lungs to hold air | Pulmonary volumes |
| Pulmonary volume is measure with a ___ | Spirometer |
| Volume of air involved in one breath (inhale-exhale) | Tidal volume (avg 500mL) |
| MRV | Minute Respiratory Volume |
| Volume breathed in one minute | MRV |
| MRV formulation | Tidal volume X bpm (breath not beats) |
| Volume you COULD inhale beyond normal tidal volume | Inspiratory reserve |
| Volume you COULD exhale beyond normal tidal volume | Expiratory reserve |
| Sum of volume of tidal volume, expiratory reserve, and inspiratory reserve (volume with forces expiration and inspiration) | Vital capacity |
| Volume left in lungs after maximum exhalation | Residual volume / air |
| Amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli | Alveolar ventilation (350-400mL) |
| Air NOT in alveoli with inhalation | Anatomic dead space |
| Volume in non-functioning alveoli | Physiologic dead space |
| Physiologic dead space is not ___ | Normal |
| Bronchitis, pneumonia, TB, emphysema, asthma, COPD are examples of | Physiologic dead space |
| Normal extensibility (elasticity) of the lungs and thoracic wall that allow breathing | Compliance |
| ___is decreased with fractures, scoliosis, ascites, pleurisy, ankylosing spondylitis | Compliance |
| Our bodies make energy by | Cellular (internal) respiration |
| Expulsion of CO2 using the lungs is called | External respiration |
| O2 and CO2 pass back and forth across capillary and alveolus walls by | Diffusion |
| 98.5% of O2 is carried on a pigment called____ | Hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin is on our ___ and an ___ binding site | RBC, iron |
| # ways to regulate respiration | 2 |
| Ways to regulate respiration (2) | Nervous, chemical |
| Nervous regulation is located in ___ and ___ | Medulla, pons |
| Involuntarily generates impulses in rhythmic spurts | Inspiration center |
| Baroreceptors in lung tissue cause a negative feedback to prevent over inflations | Herin-Bruer inhalation reflex |
| Activates active expiration when necessary | Expiration center |
| Chemoreceptors detect pH, O2, CO2 | Chemical regulation |
| Decrease O2 | Hypoxia |
| Increased CO2 | Hypercapnea |
| ___ and ___ bodies detect O2 and CO2 | Carotid, aortic |
| ___detects pH | Medulla |
| Increases H+ resulting in decreases pH | Respiratory acidosis |
| Poor respiration | Dyspnea |
| Decrease H+ resulting in increased pH | Respiratory alkalosis |
| pH imbalance caused by something other than respiration | Metabolic acidosis / alkalosis |
Created by:
Sarsileigh
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