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HA Ch. 16 (17)
The Nervous System V: The General and Special Senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| General visceral sensory neurons...in the visceral organs | monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes and stretch |
| peripheral sensory receptors pick up | stimuli from inside and outside the body and initiate impulses in sensory axons |
| peripheral sensory receptors are classified by...of the stimulus | location |
| the locations of peripheral sensory receptor stimuli include | exteroceptors, interoceptors, and proprioceptors |
| exteroceptors are sensitive to | stimuli arising outside the body |
| interoceptors are sensitive to stimuli | from internal viscera |
| proprioceptors | body movements sensory information |
| peripheral sensory receptors are also classified by the stimulus.. | detected |
| detected stimulus: mechanoreceptors respond to | mechanical forces such as touch, pressure, stretch and vibrations |
| mechanoreceptors include | tactile receptors, baroreceptors, and proprioceptors |
| tactile receptors detect | touch, pressure and vibration |
| baroreceptors detect | pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and the walls of the digestive, reproductive and urinary tracts |
| proprioceptors are muscle | spindles that respond to the position of the joints, the tension in the tendons and ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction |
| detected stimulus: thermoreceptors respond to...and conduct | temp changes...sensations along the same pathways that carry pain sensation |
| stimulus detected: chemoreceptors respond to | chemicals in solution and changes in blood chemistry |
| stimulus detected: photoreceptors are | sensitive to light |
| stimulus detected: nociceptors respond to | stimuli that result in pain |
| nociceptors include | fast pain(prickling sensation) and slow pain (burning and aching sensation) |
| peripheral sensory receptors can be classified by | structure |
| structure; free dendritic endings respond chiefly to | pain and temperature |
| dendritic endings include | merkel discs and root hair plexuses |
| merkel disc (tactile disc) is disc shaped...innervated by a | epithelial cell...dendrite (slowly adapting receptors) |
| root hair plexuses are receptors for | light touch that monitor bending of hairs (rapidly adapting receptor) |
| structure; encapsulated dendritic endings all seem to be...and consist of... | mechanorecepotrs...one or more end fibers of sensory neurons enclosed by a capsule of CT |
| the capsule of dendritic endings serves to | amplify stimulus or filter out wrong types of stimuli |
| encapsulated dendritic endings include | meissner's corpuscles, krause's end bulbs, pacinian's corpuscles, ruffini's corpuscles and proprioceptors |
| meissner's corpuscles are sensitive to | fine, discriminative touch |
| krause's end bulbs are a type of | meissner's corpuscle for fine touch |
| pacinian's corpuscles, also called..., respond to... | lamellated corpuscles...deep pressure, specifically vibrations |
| ruffini's corpuscles resond to | pressure and light touch |
| proprioceptors are sensitive to | stretch in locomotory organs |
| proprioceptors include | muscle spindles, gogli tendon organs and joint kinesthetic receptors |
| muscle spindles respond to | changes in length of a muscle |
| gogli tendon organs monitor | tension within tendons |
| joint kinesthetic receptors monitor | stretch in synovial joints |
| visceral sensory fibers run | within the autonomic nerves especially within the vagus and the sympathetic nerves |
| the sympathetic nerves carry | most pain fibers from the visceral organs of the body trunk |
| a simplified description of most visceral sensory pathways to the brain; sensory neurons to...to..to... | spinothalamic tract...thalamus...visceral sensory cortex |
| visceral pain is induced by | stretching, infection and cramping of internal organs but seldom by cutting or scraping these organs |
| pain in visceral organs is | referred to somatic regions of the body that receive innervation from the same spinal cord segments |
| many visceral reflexes are | spinal reflexes such as defecation reflex |
| some visceral reflexes, however, involve only | peripheral neurons |
| the special senses include | olfaction, gustation, equilibrium, hearing and vision |
| receptors for the special senses are located in | specialized areas or sense organs |
| sensory receptors are | specialized cells that send sensations to the CNS when stimulated |
| receptor specificity allows each receptor to | respond to particular stimuli |
| free nerve endings of receptor specificity are the | simplest form of receptors |
| receptor specificity; receptive fields are the areas | monitored by a single receptor cell |
| interpretation of sensory information includes | tonic and phasic receptors |
| tonic receptors are constantly sending | signals to the CNS |
| phasic receptors become active | only when the conditions change |
| adaptation is the | reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a consatn stimulus |
| peripheral adaptation involves | changes in receptor sensitivity |
| central adaptation is | inhibition along the sensory pathways |
| fast-adapting receptors are | phasic |
| slow-adapting receptors are | tonic |
| sensory limitations | incomplete info provided by our sensory receptors |
| sensory limitations are due to | not enough receptors for every stimulus, limited ranges of sensitivity of our receptors and CNS interpretation of a stimulus is filtered and limited |
| the chemical senses include | taste and smell |
| taste (gustation) provides info about the | food and liquids that we eat |
| gustatory receptors are | clustered in taste budes, each of which contains gustatory cells that project taste hairs through a narrow taste pore |
| most taste buds are on the | tongue, in the epithelium of fungiform and cicumvallate papillae |
| taste buds contain | gustatory cells and basal cells that replace damaged gustatory cells |
| the gustatory cells are | excited when taste-stimulating chemicals bind to their microvilli |
| the five basic qualitites of taste are | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami |
| the sense of taste is served by | cranial nerves VII, IX, and X which send impulses to the medulla |
| from the medulla, taste impulses travel to the | thalamus and the taste area of the cerebral cortex |
| the olfactory epithelium is located in the | roof of the nasal cavity |
| olfactory epithelium contains | olfactory receptors, supporting cells and basal cells |
| the olfactory receptor cells are | modified ciliated bipolar neurons which are sensitive to chemicals dissolved in the overlying mucus |
| odor molecules bind to the | cilia, exciting the neurons |
| axons of the olfactory receptor neurons form the | filaments of the olfactory nerve |
| olfactory nerve axons transmit | impulses to the olfactory bulb |
| in the olfactory bulb, these axons synapse with | mitral cells in structures called glomeruli |
| after receiving input from the olfactory receptor neurons, the mitral cells send | this olfactory info through the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex and limbic system |
| disorders of smell include | anosmia and uncinate fits |
| the eye is located in the | bony orbit and is cushioned by fat |
| the cone-shaped orbit also contains | nerves, vessels, and extrinsic muscles of the eye |
| eyebrows | shade and protect the eyes |
| eyelids | protect and lubricate the eyes of reflexive blinking |
| the free margins of the upper and lower eyelids are | seperated by the palpebral fissure |
| the free margins of the upper and lower eyelids are connected at the | medial canthus and the lateral canthus |
| the conjunctiva is the | epithelium covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye |
| the mucus of the conjunctiva's mucus lubricates the | eye surface |
| palprebral conjunctiva covers the | inner surface of the eyelids |
| ocular conjunctiva (bulbar conjunctiva) covers the | anterior surface of the eye |
| each eyelid contains a | supporting tarsal plate, the roots of the eyelashes and tarsal and ciliary glands |
| each eyelash is monitored by a | root hair plexus and displacement of the hair triggers a blinking reflex |
| large sebaceous glands, called the...are associated with the | glands of zeis...eyelashes |
| muscles in the eyelids include | the levator palpebrae superioris and the orbicularis oculi |
| tarsal glands that line the...of the eyelids secret a...that prevents | palpebral margin...lipid-rich product...eyelids from sticking together |
| glands within the lacrimal caruncle at the...produce the | medial canthus...thick secretions that contribute to the gritty deposits occasionally found after a good night's sleep |
| the lacrimal apparatus produces, distributes and removes | tears |
| the lacrimal gland (tear gland on dorsolateral surface of the eye) secrets | lacrimal fluid which is blinked medially across the eye surface and drained into the nasal cavity through lacrimal canaliculi |
| lacrimal fluid is | slightly alkaline and contains lysozymes |
| the tears collect in the | lacus lacrimalis and pass through the lacrimal punta before reaching the lacrimal canaliculi |
| superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi are | two small grooves in the surface of the lacrimal bone |
| lacrimal sac collects | tears from the lacrimal canaliculi |
| nasolacrimal duct extends along the | nasolacrimal canal formed by the lacrimal bone and the maxilla to deliver the tears to the inferior meatus on the same side of the nasal cavity |
| the six extrinsic eye muslces are | lateral and medial rectus, superior and inferior rectus and superior and inferior obliques |
| lateral and medial rectus turn the eye | laterally and medially |
| superior and inferior rectus | elevates and epresses the eye and turns it medially |
| the superior and inferior obliques | depress and elevate the eye and turn it laterally |
| the wall of the eye has | three layers |
| the most external layer is the | fibrous tunic and consists of the posterior sclera and corneal limbus |
| the tough sclera | protects the eye and gives it shape |
| the corneal limbus is the | clear window through which light enters the eye |
| the middle, pigmented...consists of the | vascular tunic...choroid and ciliary body and iris |
| the choroid provides | nutrients to the retina's photoreceptors and prevents the scattering of light within the eye |
| the ciliary body contains | smooth ciliary muscles that control the shape of the lens and ciliary processes that secret aqueous humor and attach to the suspensory ligaments of the lens |
| the iris contains | smooth muscle that changes the size of the pupil |
| the iris forms the | boundary between the anterior and posterior chambers |
| the innermost...contains the... | neural tunic...neural retina and the optic nerve |
| the retina consists of an | outer pigmented layer and an inner neural layer which contains visual receptors and associated neurons |
| the neural layer contains | photoreceptors (rods and cones) and other types of neurons |
| rods provide | black and white vision in dim light |
| cones provide | color vision in bright light |
| light stimulates the photoreceptors which signal | bipolar cells |
| photoreceptors then send signals to | ganglion cells which transmit signals to the brain via the optic nerve |
| horizontal cells and amacrine cells modify the | signals passed between other retinal components |
| the axons of ganglion neurons run along the | inner retinal surface toward the optic disc, forming the optic nerve |
| the outer segments of the rods and cones contain | light-absorbing pigment in membrane covered discs |
| light modifies the light-absorbing pigment to | initiate the flow of signals through the visual pathway |
| two important spots on the posterior retinal wall | macula lutea and optic disc |
| macula lutea is concentrated with...and contains the..which is the area with the | cones...fovea centralis...highest visual acuity |
| the optic disc is the | blind spot |
| the optic disc is where | axons of ganglion cells form the optic nerve |
| the outer third of the retina (...) is nourished by | photoreceptors...capillaries in the choroid |
| the inner two thirds of the retina is supplied by the | central vessels of the retina |
| the posterior segmentof the eye, posterior to the..., is called the | lens...vitreous chamber |
| the vitreous chamber contains | gel-like vitreous humor or body |
| the vitreous humor or body helps | stabilize the shape of the eye and support the retina |
| the anterior segment of the eye, anterior to the..., is divided into the | lens...anterior and posterior chambers by the iris |
| the anterior segment is filled with | aqueous humor |
| aqueous humor continually forms at the, flows into the..., and drains into the, then | ciliary processesin the posterior chamber...anterior chamber...scleral venous sinus...reenters the circulation |
| the biconvex lens helps to | focus light and focuses a visual image on the retinal receptors |
| the biconvex lens is suspended in the eye by the | ciliary zonule |
| the lens also lies posterior to the...and forms the.. | cornea...anterior boundary of the vitreous chamber |
| tension in the ciliary zonule resists the lens's | natural tendency to round up |
| as it enters the eye, light is bent by the...and focused on the... | cornea and the lens...retina |
| the cornea accounts for | most of the refraction, but the lens allows focusing on objects at different distances |
| the resting eye is set for | distance vision |
| focusing on near objects requires | accomodation |
| accomodation means allowing the... | lens to round as ciliary muscles release tension on the ciliary zonule |
| during resting, the pupils | constrict |
| focusing on near objects (accomodation) and pupil constriction are controlled by | parasympathetic fibers in the oculomoter nerve |
| eye focusing disorders include | myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism |
| myopia | nearsightedness |
| hyperopia | farsightedness |
| presbyopia | loss of lens elasticity with age |
| astigmatism is caused by | unequal curvatures in different parts of the corneaor lens |
| the visual pathway to the brain begins with some | processing of visual info in the retina |
| from the retina, ganglion cell axons carry | impulses via the optic nerve, optic chiasma, and optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus |
| thalamic neurons project to the | primary visual cortex |
| at the optic chiasma, axons from the medial halves of the retinas | decussate |
| decussation provides each visual cortex with | info on the opposite half of the visual field as seen by both eyes |
| the visual cortex compares...and generates... | the views from the two eyes...depth perception |
| visual inputs to the...and the...affect the function of other brainstem nuclei | suprachiasmatic nucleus...pineal gland |
| thes uprachiasmatic nucleus and the pineal gland establish a | visceral circadian rhythm that is tied to the day-night cycle and affects other metabolic processes |
| blinding disorders can result from | damage to the retina and the cornea |
| damage to the retina | age related macular degeneration and retinopahty of prematurity |
| damage to the cornea | trachoma |
| the external ear is made of the | auricle and external acoustic meatus |
| the auricle surrounds the...which ends at the... | external acoustic meatus...tympanic membrane |
| the external ear functions in | gathering sound waves |
| the tympanic membrane, or tympanum, transmits... | sound vibrations to the middle ear |
| the middle ear is a | small tympanic cavity within the temporal bone |
| the boundaries of the middle ear are the | eardrum laterally, the bony wall of the inner ear medially, a bony roof, a thin bony floor, a posterior wall that opens into the mastoid antrum and an anterior wall that opens into the paryngotympanic tube |
| the middle ear encloses and protects the...which connect the... | auditory ossicles...tympanic membrane with the receptor complex of the inner ear |
| the pharyngotympanic, or auditory, tube consists of...communicates with the..and equializes... | bone and cartilage...nasopharynx...air pressure across the eardrum |
| the auditory ossicles include the | malleus, incas, stapes |
| the ossicles help to | amplify sound |
| the ossicles span the | middle ear cavity |
| the ossicles transmit | sound vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window |
| the tiny tensor tympani and stapedius muscles dampen the | vibrations of very loud sounds |
| the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles contract to | reduce the amount of motion of the tympanum when very loud sounds arrive |
| the inner ear contains the | sensory organs for the perception of equilibrium and hearing |
| equilibrium | bony labryinth |
| hearing | membraneous labryinth |
| the inner ear consists of the | bony and membraneous labryinths |
| bony labryinth contains | semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea |
| membraneous labryinth contains | semicircular ducts, utricle and saccule, and cochlear duct |
| the bony labryinth contains...the membraneous labyrinth contains | perilymph...endolymph |
| the vestibule includes a pair of | membraneous sacs(saccule and utricle) |
| the saccule and utricle each contain a...which is a... | macula...spot of receptor epithelium that monitors static equilibrium and linear acceleration |
| the saccule and utricle are connected by a | passageway that is continuous with the endolymphatic duct which terminates in the endolymphatic sac |
| a macula contains clusters of...whose... | hair cells...steriocilia are anchored in an overlying otolithic membrane |
| the hair cells' stereocilia contact...which consist of... | otolits...densely packed mineral crystals (statoconia) in a gelatinous matrix |
| forces on the otolithic membrane, caused by..., (actions)...in the | gravity and linear acceleration of the head, bend the hairs and initiate impulses...vestibular nerve |
| the semicircular ducts lie in | three planes of space and are continuos with the utricle |
| the semicircular ducts provide | info about the direction and strength of varied mechanical stimuli |
| each semicircular ducts'...contain... | cristae ampullares...hair cells that monitor rotational acceleration |
| the hairs of these cells are anchored in an | overlying gelatinous cupula |
| forces on the cupula, caused by..., (actions) in the.. | rotational acceleration of the head...bend the hairs and initiate impulses...vestibular nerve |
| the coiled cochlea is divided into three parts (scalae) | scala media, tympani and vestibuli |
| the scala media contains the...runs through the...of the cochlea | organ of corti...center |
| the scala media is an enlogated portion of the | membraneous labyrinth |
| the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani are parts of the | bony labyrinth |
| sound vibrations are transmitted toward the | tympanum |
| the auditory ossicles conduct vibrations to the...which vibrate the fluids in the...and then passed on to the... | base of the stapes...choclea's vestibular duct...tympanic duct |
| the pressure waves distort the | basilar membrane and spiral organ |
| in turn, the hairs of the receptor cells, whose tips are anchored in a...are.. | nonmoving tectorial membrane...bent |
| bending of the hairs produces impulses in the | cochlear nerve |
| impulses generated by the...travel along the...to the..and the... | equilibrium receptors...vestibular nerve...vestibular nuclei...cerebellum |
| these brain centers initiate responses that | maintain balance |
| there is also a | minor equilibrium pathway to the posterior insula of the cerebral cortex |
| impulses generated by the...travel along the...to the... | hearing receptors...cochlear nerve...cochlear nuclei in the medulla |
| hearing receptors | sensory neurons for hearing located in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea |
| afferent fibers form the | cochlear branch of CN VIII, synapsing at the cochlear nucleus |
| from there, auditory info passes through...to the... | several nuclei in the brain stem...medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and to the auditory cortex |
| motion sickness is brought on by | particular movements, and causes nausea and vomiting |
| meniere's syndrome is an | overstimulation of the hearing and equilibrium receptors caused by an excess of endolymph in the membraneous labyrinth |
| conduction deafness results from | interference with the conduction of sound vibrations to the internal ear |
| sensorineural deafness reflects damage to | auditory receptor cells or neural pathways |
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