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Medical Lang ch 6 &9
urinary system, chpt 6, and Obstetrics & Neonatology chpt 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nephr/o, or ren/o | kidney(s) |
| Kidneys are located on each side of the spinal column in the | flank or retroperitoneal region |
| Kidneys are Bilateral organs responsible for | 1. removing NITROGENous (N) waste from the blood 2. Maintaining water balance |
| Examples of Nitrogenous(N) waste include | 1. UREA 2. Uric acid 3. Creatinine |
| Kidneys regulate water balance in the body by regulating the | salts |
| The salts of the body are called | electrolytes ("lytes") |
| Electrolytes ("lytes") include | 1. sodium (Na) 2. potassium (K) 3. chloride (Cl (lower case L) |
| Remember -- where salt goes, water follows which means | if you retain salt, you will retain water |
| Excess fluid can be referred to as | edema (edematous) |
| nephron | a kidney cell |
| nephritis | inflammation of a kidney |
| nephrectomy | surgical removal of a kidney |
| nephromegaly | enlargement of a kidney |
| nephroptosis | drooping or sagging (prolapse) of a kidney |
| nephroma | tumor of mass of a kidney |
| hydronephrosis | abnormal condition of excess water (fluid, urine) in a kidney (urine can't leave the body) |
| nephrohypertrophy | excessive growth or development of a kidney |
| nephrolithiasis | abnormal condition of (a) kidney stone(s) |
| another name for stone is a | calculus (singular) Calculi (plural) |
| nephrogram | record (X-ray) of a kidney |
| nephrography | process of recording (X-ray) a kidney |
| nephrosonography | process of recording a kidney using sound waves |
| nephrostomy | a new or artificial opening into a kidney |
| nephropexy | surgical fixation of a kidney |
| nephrotomography | process of recording X-ray Picture slices of a kidney |
| nephroscopy | process of viewing a kidney |
| renal | pertaining to a kidney |
| renal biopsy (Bx) | cytology test of a kidney |
| cytology | study of cells |
| renogram | record of a kidney using injectable radioactive contrast material |
| Radioactive Diagnostic Imaging (DI) is performed in | Nuclear Medicine |
| renal transplant (transplantation) | surgical implantation of a donor kidney to replace nonfunctioning kidneys |
| ureter/o | ureter(s) |
| The ureters are | bilateral tubes (vessels, ducts) that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder (two E's two tubes) |
| ureteritis | inflammation of a ureter |
| ureterostenosis | narrowing (stricture) of a ureter |
| ureterotomy | surgical incision of a ureter |
| ureterectomy | surgical removal (excision) of a ureter |
| ureterolithiasis | abnormal condition of stone(s) in a ureter |
| ureterocele | herniation of a ureter |
| ureterogram | record (X-ray) of a ureter |
| ureterostomy | a new or artificial opening into a ureter |
| cyst/o or vesic/o | urinary bladder |
| The urinary bladder is | an elastic sac that acts as a reservoir (storage container) for urine |
| cystitis | inflammation of the urninary bladder |
| cystolith(s) | stone(s) in the urinary bladder |
| cystectomy | excision of the urinary bladder |
| cystocele | herniation of the urinary bladder |
| cystotomy or vesicotomy | surgical incision of the urinary bladder |
| cystoureterogram | record (X-ray) of the urinary bladder and a ureter |
| cystolithotomy | surgical incision of the urinary bladder to remove a stone(s) |
| cystolithectomy | surgical removal of a stone(s) in the urinary bladder |
| cystoplasty | surgical repair of the urinary bladder |
| cystorrhaphy | suturing the urinary bladder |
| cystostomy | a new or artificial opening into the urinary bladder |
| stoma | new or artificial opening |
| cystogram | record (X-ray) of the urinary bladder |
| cystography | process of recording (X-ray) the urinary bladder (using contrast/radiopague |
| cystoscope | a lighted instrument to view the urinary bladder |
| cystoscopy | process of viewing the urinary bladder |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| A renal pelvis is where | a ureter connects to a kidney |
| IntraVenous Pyelogram (IVP) | a record of the renal pelves after injection of a dye within a vein causing the renal pelves (plural) to illuminate when exposed to X-rays |
| pyelitis | inflammation of a renal pelvis (singular) |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of a renal pelvis and a kidney |
| pyelolithotomy | surgical incision of a renal pelvis to remove a stone(s) |
| pyelolithectomy | surgical removal of a stone in a renal pelvis |
| pyeloplasty | surgical repair of a renal pelvis |
| pyelostomy | a new or arificial opening into a renal pelvis |
| cystopyelogram | a record (X-ray) of the urinary bladder and a renal pelvis |
| cystopyelography | the process of recording (X-ray) of the urinary bladder and a renal pelvis |
| urethr/o | urethra |
| the female urethra is the | vessel (duct, tube) that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the urethral (urinary) meatus (os, orifice) (one E one Tube) |
| urethrocystitis | inflammation of the urethra and urinary bladder |
| urethropexy | surgical fixation of the urethra |
| urethroplasty | surgical repair of the urethra |
| urethrotomy | surgical incision of the urethra |
| urethroscope | a lighted instrument to view the urethra |
| urethrometer | an instrument used to measure the urethra |
| urethrostomy | a new or artificial opening into the urethra |
| cystourethrogram | a record (X-ray) of the urniary bladder and the urethra |
| azot/o | nitrogen(N) |
| azotemia (azotemic) | a blood condition of excessive nitrogenous(N) waste AKA uremia (uremic) |
| urin/o or ur/o | urine |
| urine | fluidic waste produced by the kidneys |
| UrinAlysis (UA) | a chemical analysis of urine |
| urologist | a specialist in the study of the urinary system and the male reproductive system |
| urinal | a calibrated receptacle (container) for urine |
| Calibrated (calibration) refers to a | method of measurement |
| -uria | urine or urination |
| nocturia | a condition of chronic (persistent) night urination |
| noct- | night |
| dysuria | a condition of painful or difficult urination |
| anuria (anuric) | a condition of no urine production |
| hematuria | a condition of blood in the urine |
| bacteriuria | a condition of bacteria in the urine |
| oliguria | a condition of scanty (deficient) urine |
| pyuria | a condtion of pus in the urine |
| Pus primarily consists of | necrosed leukocytes (WBCs) |
| glycosuria | a condition of glucose (sugar) in the urine |
| ketonuria | a condition of ketones (acetone) in the urine |
| albuminuria or proteinuria | a condition of albumin (blood protein) in the urine |
| urinate or urination | the act of discharging (releasing) urine AKA void(ing) or micturition (micturate) |
| urinary frequency | the urge to void at frequent intervals |
| urinary hesitancy | involuntary delay in initiating (starting) micturition |
| urinary retention | accumulation of urine in the urinary bladder due to the inability to urinate |
| urinary urgency | a sudden sensation to void immediately |
| Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) | crushing stone(s) using sound waves from the outside of the body |
| diuresis (diuretic) | increased secretion of urine AKA polyuria (caffenine, alcohol are examples of diuretics) |
| lithotrite | instrument used to crush a stone in the urinary bladder |
| fulguration | destruction of tissue with an electric spark (cauterization) |
| urinary catheter (cath) | flexible tube-like device for withdrawing and instilling fluids |
| indwelling (retention) urinary catheter | a urinary catheter that remains within the patient |
| Foley | a manufacturer of urinary catheters |
| CBI | Continuous Bladder Irrigation |
| The solution commonly used for Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI) is | Normal Saline Solution (NSS) |
| straight or non-retention catheter | a urinary catheter that is inserted to obtain a specimen or to empty the urinary bladder and then removed |
| residual urine | urine that remains in the urinary bladder after voiding |
| distended (distention) | stretched out |
| enuresis | involuntary urination AKA urinary incontinence |
| HemoDialysis (HD) | artificial removal of toxins (Nitrogenous (N) waste (poisons) from the blood |
| Another type of dialysis is | Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) |
| hypoKalemia | a blood condition of deficient potassium (K) |
| hyperNAtremia | a blood condition of excessive sodium (Na) |
| stricture | abnormal narrowing (stenosis) |
| clean catch (midstream) urine sample | a technique used to obtain an uncontaminated urine sample |
| BUN | Blood Urea Nitrogen A blood test for kidney function |
| KUB | a non-radiopaque X-ray of the Kidneys, Ureters, and urinary Bladder |
| VCUG | Voiding CystoUrethroGram (VCUG) |
| UTI | Urinary Tract Infection |
| NaCl | sodium chloride (table salt) |
| KCl | potassium(K) chloride(Cl) |
| GU | GenitoUrinary |
| pH | a measure of acidity or alkalinity |
| gravid/o or cyes/o, or cyes/i | pregnancy or gestation |
| Pregnancy or gestation is the | development of a fertilized ovum |
| cyesis | pregnancy (gestation) |
| cyesiology | the study of pregnancy (gestation) |
| pseudocyesis | false pregnancy (gestation) |
| pseudo/o | false |
| salpingocyesis | pregnancy (gestation) occurring in a fallopian tube AKA tubal pregnancy |
| amni/o, or amnion/o | amnion |
| The amnion is the | membranous sac that surrounds the embryo/fetus |
| amniocentesis | surgical puncture of the amnion |
| An amniocentesis is usually performed | after 14 weeks of gestation |
| Amniotic fluid will be aspirated and tested to detect | genetic anomalies (abnormalities) |
| amnioscope | a usually lighted instrument used to view the amnion |
| amnioscopy | process of using a usually lighted instrument to view the amnion |
| amnionitis | inflammation of the amnion |
| amniorrhea | flow (discharge) of amniotic fluid |
| amniorrhexis | rupture of the amnion --- Layperson would say that their "water broke" |
| amniotomy | surgical incision of the amnion --- layperson would say that the doctor "broke my water" |
| An amniotomy is performed to | induce labor |
| fet/o | fetus |
| fetal | pertaining to a fetus |
| fetogram | a record of a fetus AKA sonogram |
| fetometry | the process of measuring a fetus |
| nat/o | birth (parturition) |
| natal | pertaining to birth (parturition) |
| prenatal | pertaining to before birth (parturition) |
| postnatal | pertaining to after birth (parturition) |
| neonatal | pertaining to a New Born(NB) AKA neonate (1st four weeks) |
| par/o, or part/o | birth |
| para | number of births |
| para III | three births |
| primiparous | pertaining to the first birth |
| multiparous (multip) | pertaining to more than one birth |
| nulliparous | pertaining to no births |
| parturition | birth |
| antepartum | pertaining to before birth (parturition) |
| intrapartum | pertaining to within (during)labor and birth (parturition) |
| postpartum | pertaining to after birth (parturition) |
| omphal/o (willy wonka) | umbilical cord (umbilicus) |
| The umbilical cord connects the embryo/fetus to the | placenta |
| The layperson calls the placenta the | afterbirth |
| The placenta is the | connection between the embryonic/fetal blood and maternal (mother) blood |
| omphalitis | inflammation of the umbilical cord |
| omphalocele | congential herniation of the abdominal contents through the umbilicus |
| congenital | acquired during pregnancy (gestation) |
| lacto | milk |
| lactic | pertaining to milk |
| lactogenic | pertaining to the production of milk (lactation) |
| lactorrhea | the flow (discharge) of milk (lactation) |
| viable (viability) | the ability of a fetus to live outside of the uterus |
| dystocia | a condition of difficult labor or delivery (parturition) |
| embryotocia | delivery (parturition) of an embryo AKA "spontaneous abortion" or "miscarriage" |
| abortion | termination of pregnancy (gestation) |
| abruptio placentae (placental abruption) | permature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall |
| placenta previa | abnormally low implantation of the placenta on the uterine wall |
| cleft lip (labia)and/or palate | congenital split of a lip (labia) and/or roof of the oral cavity (palate) |
| A Cleft is a | fissure, crack, or groove |
| palatoplasty | surgical repair of a palate |
| labioplasty | surgical repair of a lip (labia) |
| embryogenic | pertaining to the creation of an embryo |
| embryoid | resembling an embryo |
| embryologist | a specialist in the study of embryos |
| gravida | number of pregnancies |
| gravida III para II | three pregnancies and two births |
| gravida II para III | two pregnancies and three births. gravida II para III indicates twins or triplets |
| identical twins | one fertilized ovum splits and the genetic material (DNA) is shared |
| fraternal twins | ovulation of two ova which are fertilized |
| ovulation | expulsion of an ovum from an ovary |
| primigravida | first pregnancy (gestation) |
| multigravida | more than one pregnancy (gestation) |
| nulligravida | no pregnancies |
| gravidopuerperal | pertaining to pregnancy (gestation) and immediately after birth (parturition) |
| effacement | shortening, thinning, and stretching of the vagina during labor |
| ectopic pregnancy | pregnancy occuring outside of the uterus |
| pelvimetry | the process of measuring the pelvis |
| breech birth | parturition where the fetus is not in a head-down position |
| lochia | vaginal discharge after birth (parturition) |
| meconium (macaronium) | first stool(black) of the neonate |
| OBstetrics (OB) | medical specialty dealing with gestation, childbrith, and puerperium |
| puerperium | period of time covering 6 weeks after parturition (birth) |
| infant | the offspring from the 5th week to 1 year |
| permature infant | neonate before 37 weeks of gestation (pregnancy) |
| isolette | a transparent container where premature neonates are placed to receive warmth and O2 AKA an incubator |
| kernicterus | a yellowish, orangish, discoloration of the skin in a neonate AKA jaundice |
| Apgar score | an evaluation of a neonate's extrauterine ability at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth and includes: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflexes and color |
| C/S or C-section | Cesarean Section |
| a C-section (C/S) is | delivery of the offspring through an abdominopelvic incision |
| EDD | Estimated Date of Delivery AKA the "due date" |
| RDS | Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
| NICU | Neonatal Intensive Care Unit |
| IVF | In Vitro Fertilization |
| In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) refers to | ova fertilized outside of the body and artificially inseminated |
| CVS | Chorionic Villus Sampling |
| CVS (chorionic villus sampling) is a | test to detect fetal genetic anomalies |
| HCG | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin |
| HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is a | hormone that can be found in the serum or urine of a pregnant woman |
| EPT | Early Pregnancy Test (detects HCG) |
| IUGR | IntraUterine Growth Rate |
| R/O | Rule Out (vaginal bleeding R/O embryotocia) |
| FEKG | Fetal ElectroCardioGram |
| FHR | Fetal Heart Rate |
| FHT | Fetal Heart Tone |
| FEKG, FHR, and FHT all refer to | fetal monitoring |
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