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APII Urinary
Urinary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of Urinary System is Storage and ____of urine, Regulation of blood volume, Regulation of ____production, Regulation of ion balance/___-___ balance | Excretion, erythrocyte, acid-base |
| Urinary bladder is expandable and stores as much as ___of urine. | 1L |
| Excretion of urine is through the _____. | urethra |
| The urinary system directly regulates blood volume, under direction of certain____; it controls blood and____ ____. | hormones, interstitial fluid |
| The urinary system regulates ____production by measuring O2 in the blood in order to secrete erythropoietin if necessary. | erythrocyte |
| The urinary system helps control the inorganic ion balance and acid/base balance by altering ____ion and ammonium secretion. | hydrogen |
| The urinary system is comprised of the following structures: _____, _____, ____ _____, _____ | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| Kidneys are located retroperitoneal on the ____abdominal wall | posterior |
| Kidneys weigh ___gr and measure 12 x 6.5 x 2.5 cm | 100 |
| The superior pole of the left kidney is at the level of____, whereas the superior pole of the right kidney is about 2 cm lower to accommodate the large size of the ____ | T12, liver |
| The kidneys have a concave medial border called the____, where vessels, nerves, and the ureter connect with the kidney | hilum |
| The kidney hilum is continuous with an internal space called the ____ sinus | renal |
| Kidney’s tissue layers (from superficial to deepest):____ fat, Renal fascia, Perinephric fat, ____capsule | Paranephric, Fibrous |
| Fibrous capsule layer: In direct contact with ____surface of kidney and protects it from trauma and prevents____. | outer, infections |
| Perinephric fat kidney layer: Provides ____ and _____to the kidney. | cushioning and insulation |
| Renal fascia kidney layer: Anchors kidney to ____ ____wall | posterior abdominal |
| Paranephric fat kidney layer: ____layer surrounding the kidney between renal fascia and peritoneum | Outermost |
| Regions of the Kidney are divided into an ____renal cortex and an ____renal medulla | outer, inner |
| Extensions of the renal____, called renal columns, project into the renal medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal____. | cortex, pyramids |
| A typical kidney contains ___renal pyramids | 8–15 |
| The wide base of the renal pyramid makes contact with the cortex in a region called the ____ junction. | corticomedullary |
| The apex (tip) of the renal pyramid is called the renal____ . | papilla |
| Each renal papilla projects into a hollow funnel-shaped structure called the minor ____ (8-10) | calyx |
| Several minor calyces fuse to form a ___calyx (2-3). | major |
| The major calyces fuse to form the renal___, which collects the total urine output from one kidney and transports it into the____. | pelvis, ureter |
| 8 to 15 renal lobes that consist of a medullary pyramid and some ____substance. | cortical |
| 20 – 25% of cardiac ____enters kidneys by the renal arteries. | output |
| Renal artery arises from ____ ____aorta between 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebra. | descending abdominal |
| Within the renal sinus, the renal arteries branch into ____arteries. | segmental |
| Segmental arteries branch into ____arteries still inside the renal sinus. | interlobar |
| Interlobar arteries branch into ____arteries in the corticomedullary junction. | arcuate |
| Arcuate arteries branch into ____arteries that project to the cortex. | interlobular |
| As interlobular arteries enter the kidney cortex, they extend small branches called ____arterioles. | afferent |
| The afferent arterioles enter a structure called the renal corpuscle and form a tuft of capillaries called the _____. | glomerulus |
| Some ____is filtered out of the capillaries into the capsular space within the renal corpuscle. | plasma |
| The remaining blood exits the glomerulus and the renal corpuscle as the ____arteriole. | efferent |
| Efferent arterioles branch into one of two capillary networks: ___ ___and Peritubular capillaries | Vasa recta |
| Peritubular capillaries surround the convoluted tubules and reside primarily in the ____ | cortex |
| Vasa recta is associated mainly with the ____loop and primarily reside in the medulla | nephron |
| The peritubular capillaries and vasa recta drain into a network of ____. | veins |
| The smallest veins are the ____veins then merge to form arcuate veins. | interlobular |
| Arcuate veins merge to form the ____veins. | interlobar |
| Interlobar veins merge in the ___ ____to form the renal vein in each kidney. | renal sinus |
| Blood remains oxygenated till it reaches the ____capillaries and vasa recta. | peritubular |
| The nephron is the functional ____unit of the kidney. | filtration |
| There are approximately 1.25 million ____ in each kidney. | nephrons |
| The nephrons form urine through three interrelated processes:____, Tubular secretion, and Tubular ____ | Filtration, reabsorption |
| Filtration is water and dissolved solutes enter the renal capsule by ____differences. | pressure |
| Tubular reabsorption is as substances move across the wall of the renal ____. | tubules |
| Tubular secretion is active transport of ____into the tubular fluid. | solutes |
| Two Types of Nephrons: ____nephrons, Juxtamedullary nephrons | Cortical |
| Cortical nephrons: ___of all nephrons; the bulk of the nephron structures reside in the kidney ____ | 85%, cortex |
| ____nephrons: 15% of all nephrons; their renal corpuscle lies near the corticomedullary junction and their long nephron loops extend deep into the medulla. | Juxtamedullary |
| The nephron has the following components: Renal____, Proximal convoluted tubule, Nephron___, Distal convoluted tubule | corpuscle, loop |
| Renal Corpuscle is composed of two structures: glomerulus and glomerular____ | capsule |
| The renal corpuscle glomerulus is a thick tangle of fenestrated _____ | capillaries |
| The renal corpuscle glomerular capsule is an ____covering over the glomerulus | epithelial |
| Corpuscle has a ____pole, where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole exits | vascular |
| Corpuscle also has a tubular pole, where the ____ _____ tubule exits | proximal convoluted |
| ____Capsule is comprised of two layers: Parietal layer, Visceral layer | Glomerular |
| ____layer of the glomerular capsule directly overlies and comes in contact with the glomerulus; comprised of specialized cells called ____ | Visceral, podocytes |
| Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is formed from a ____ ____epithelium | simple squamous |
| Capsular space between the two layers of the glomerular capsule, filled with ____ ____from the glomerulus. | filtered products |
| Podocytes have long processes called ____that wrap around the glomerular capillaries but do not completely ensheathe it. | pedicels |
| The pedicels are separated from each other by thin spaces called ____ ____. | filtration slits |
| The filtration ____and the fenestrated ___ ____makes up the filtration membrane, which mostly leaks indiscriminate contents from the plasma into the capsule. | slits, capillary wall |
| It is the roles of the remainder of the ____to adjust the contents of the urine. | nephron |
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule begins at tubular pole of ____ ____ | renal corpuscle |
| ____ ____Tubule has walls comprised of simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvilli that increases its reabsorption capacity. | Proximal Convoluted |
| Reabsorbed nutrients and water enter the ____ capillaries and are returned to the general circulation in the vascular system. | peritubular |
| ___ ____ (loop of Henle) originates at the PCT and projects into the medulla. | Nephron loop |
| Each nephron loop has two limbs: ____limb, ___ limb | Descending, Ascending |
| _____limb extends from the cortex into the medulla is made of simple cuboidal epithelium and then simple squamous epith. | Descending |
| ____limb returns from medulla into cortex is lined with simple squamous epith. and then simple cuboidal epith. | Ascending |
| Na and Cl ions are mostly reabsorbed in the _____ limb of the nephron loop. | Ascending |
| Both limbs of the nephron loop facilitate reabsorption of ____ and ____. | water and solutes |
| Distal Convoluted Tubule is found in renal ____. | cortex |
| Distal Convoluted Tubule contacts with the afferent arteriole wall at the ____ ____ | vascular pole |
| Distal ____Tubule is lined with simple cuboidal epith., with no microvilli and fewer mitochondria. | Convoluted |
| ____ ____ _____Secretes K+ and H+ from peritubular capillaries into tubular fluid. Also reabsorption of H2O under the influence of ADH and aldosterone. | Distal Convoluted Tubule |
| ____is secreted by the post pituitary in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in tubular fluid in the kidney. | ADH |
| ____is secreted by the adrenal cortex and responds to the same stimuli as ADH. | Aldosterone |
| Aldosterone and ADH cause the DCT to increase ___and ___absorption from tubular fluid. | H20, Na |
| Tubular Fluid Becomes ____ | urine |
| Tubular fluid Collecting tubules Collecting ____. | ducts |
| Collecting ___are the last structures able to modify content of tubular fluid, under the influence of ADH and aldosterone. | ducts |
| Dehydrated individual: Water ____ occurs. More concentrated urine. | conservation |
| Once tubular fluid leaves the collecting duct, it becomes ____. | urine |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus is important in regulation of ____ ____. | blood pressure |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus is comprised of juxtaglomerular ____ and ____ densa. | cells, macula |
| Juxtaglomerular cells: Modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole located at the ____ ____of the renal corpuscle | vascular pole |
| Macula densa: Group of modified epithelial cells in the ____ ____ ____that come in contact with the juxtaglomerular cells | distal convoluted tubule |
| Name the structures (2) work together to regulate BP, monitoring ion concentration in tubular fluid. | Macula densa, Juxtaglomerular cells |
| Blood volume or solute concentration reduced Macula densa senses this in the ___ ___ Stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells Production of ____ Activation of RAAS ___ production | tubular fluid, renin, Aldosterone |
| Kidney’s are innervated by a mass of sensory and autonomic fibers collectively called the renal ____ | plexus |
| The renal plexus enters the kidney at the ____ | hilum |
| Symp. Innervation of the kidneys vessel ____and decreased glomerular flow and filtrate formation. | constriction |
| ____Innervation of the kidneys: CN X. No known effect. | Parasymp. |
| Pain from kidneys is usually referred to dermatomes T__- T__ | T10–T12 |
| Urinary Tract is composed of the following components: Ureters, ___ ___ , Urethra | Urinary bladder |
| Ureters are ____tubes that conduct urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. | fibromuscular |
| Average length of the ureters are __cm in length and retroperitoneal. | fibromuscular |
| Ureters originate at the ___ ___as it exits the ___of the kidney then enter the posterolateral wall of the base of the ___ ___ | renal pelvis, hilum, urinary bladder……yeah I made this one hard |
| Wall of ureter has three layers: Mucosa, Muscularis, _______ | Adventitia |
| Mucosa layer of the ureter is _____ epith. And both distensible and impermeable. | transitional |
| Muscularis layer of the ureter has an inner ____ layer and outer ____ layer. | longitudinal, circular |
| The presence of urine in the ureters produces____ ___. | peristaltic waves |
| Adventitia layer of the ureters: Some extensions of its connective tissue anchor them to the ___ ____ Wall. | posterior abdomen |
| Ureters project through the posteroinferior bladder wall____ . | obliquely |
| The ureters are compressed as the bladder distends decreasing the likelihood of urine ____ | reflux |
| Each ureter segment receives blood from a segment of the nearest ____ | artery |
| Symp. Innervation of the ureters: T11-L2. Pain is referred to these dermatomes “___ ___ ___”. | loin to groin |
| Urinary Bladder is an expandable, muscular container. Main function is ____for urine | reservoir |
| Urinary Bladder is located immediately posterior to ____ ____ | pubic symphysis |
| In females, the urinary bladder lies anteroinferior to the ____ and directly anterior to the vagina | uterus |
| In males, the urinary bladder lies anterior to the ___ and superior to the prostate gland | rectum |
| The posteroinferior triangular area of the urinary bladder is called the ____. | trigone |
| The ____ is defined by the two ureteral opening and the urethral opening, it does not move. | trigone |
| The trigone of the bladder comes from a different _____ source than the bladder itself. | embryologic |
| Four tunics form the wall of the urinary bladder: Mucosa, ____, Muscularis, Adventitia | Submucosa |
| Mucosa layer of the bladder is ____epi. that lines the internal surface, ____allow for distension of bladder and highly vascularized lamina propria. | transitional, rugae |
| Submucosa layer of the bladder ¬¬¬¬¬¬____urinary bladder wall | supports |
| Muscularis layer of the bladder has three layers of smooth muscle called ¬¬¬____muscle | detrusor |
| In the bladder an internal urethral sphincter muscle is present at the urethral ¬¬¬_____ | opening |
| Adventitia layer of the bladder has an outer layer of ¬¬¬_____connective tissue | areolar |
| Blood supply to the bladder is from the internal ____artery and veins. | Iliac |
| _____is the expulsion of urine from the bladder. | Miscturition |
| Miscturition is initiated by the micturition ____. | reflex |
| Parasym axons: micturition reflex center from segm S2-S4. They____ the intrenal urethral sphincter and stimulate the¬¬¬____ of the detrusor muscle. | relax, contraction |
| Symp axons: From T11-L2 and cause contraction of the urethral ____and inhibit contraction of detrusor muscle. | sphincter |
| Micturition step 1: Bladder fills with urine, ____receptors activated and signal micturition reflex center. | stretch |
| Micturition step 2: Impulses in ____division travel to the sphincter and detrusor muscle. | parasymp |
| Micturition step 3: Smooth muscle of sphincter relaxes and ____ ____contracts. | detrusor muscle |
| Micturition step 4: Person’s conscious decision to urinate causes ____of external urethral sphincter. | relaxation |
| Micturition step 5: Urine is expeled by contraction of ____ _____and muscles from the abd wall. | detrusor muscle |
| The ____is a fibromuscular tube that originates at the neck of the urinary bladder and conducts urine to the exterior of the body. | urethra |
| The urethra has a ____lining that is a protective mucous membrane with mucin cells and urethral glands. | luminal |
| Two sphincters control the release of urine from the urinary bladder in to the urethra: ____ and ____ urethral sphincter | internal, external |
| Female Urethra has the single function of transporting urine to the exterior of the body, ____cm long. | 3 to 5 |
| Male Urethra Has two functions because it serves to transport both ____ and ____. | urine and semen |
| The male urethra ends as an opening called the external urethral ____ | orifice |
| Male Urethra is partitioned into three segments:____, Membranous, and ____urethra | Prostatic, Spongy |
| Prostatic urethra is 3-4 cm, most ____portion, and internal longitudinal muscle and external circular muscle. | dilatable |
| Membranous urethra is the shortest and least dilatable portion, and is surrounded by ¬¬¬¬____muscle fibers that form the external urethral sphincter. | striated |
| ____urethra is 15 cm, encased by the corpus spongiuosum which is the erectile tissue of the penis and extends to the external urethral orifice | Spongy |
Created by:
BrandiLynn
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