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HA. Ch. 11
The Muscular System III: Muscles of the Appendicular Skeleton
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| superficial muscles of the anterior and posterior thorax perform | movements of the scapula |
| pectoralis minor is a | flat, thin muscles that is directly beneath and obscured by the pec major |
| origin of pectoralis minor | anterior surface of rips 3-5 |
| insertion of pec minor | coracoid process of scapula |
| action of pec minor | draws scapula forward/downward (depresses glenoid cavity) with ribs fixed |
| when the scapula is fixed the pec minor draws rib cage | superiorly |
| serratus anterior is a ...shaped muscles that lies | fan...deep and inferior to pectoral muscles on lateral rib cage |
| serratus anterior forms the | medial wall of axilla |
| origin of serratus ant. | ribs 1-8 |
| insertion of serratus ant. | entire anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula |
| action of serratus ant. | rotate scaupla so that its inferior angle moves laterally and upward |
| the serratus ant. is a prime mover to | protract and hold scapula against chest wall |
| trapezius is the most | superficial muscle of posterior thorax |
| trapezius has what shape | triangle |
| the upper fibers of the trapezius run...middle fibers run...lower fibers run... | inferiorly...horizontally...superiorly to scapula |
| origin of trapezius | occiptial bone, ligamentum nuchae, c7-t12 |
| insertion of trapezius | acromion, clavicle, spine of scapula |
| action of trapezius | stabilize, raise, retract, depress and rotates scapula/clavicle |
| trapezius can also | extend the neck |
| levator scapulae is located at | back and side of neck, deep to trapezius |
| levator scapulae is a | thick straplike muscle |
| origin of levator scapulae | transverse process of c1-4 |
| insertion of levator scapulae | medial border of scapula, superior to spine |
| action of levator scapulae | elevates/adducts scapula in concert with superior fibers of trapezius |
| rhomboid major and minor are two | rectangular shaped muscles lying deep to trapezius |
| origin of rhomboids | spinous process of c7-t1 (minor) and t2-t5 (major) |
| insertion of rhomboids | medial border of scapula |
| action of rhomboids | stabilize scapula, adduct and perform downard rotation of the scapula |
| muscles crossing the shoulder joint perform movements of the | humerus |
| pec. major is the large...shaped muscles covering the... | fan...upper portion of the chest |
| pec major is divided into | clavicular and sternal parts to form the anterior axillary fold |
| origin of pec major | ribs 1-6, clavicle, sternum, aponeurosis of ext. oblique |
| insertion of pec major | greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus |
| action of pec major | prime mover of arm flexion; rotates arm medially, adducts arm against resistance |
| latissmus dorsi is the broad, flat muscles of the | lumbar region |
| lat. dorsi is covered by | trapezius superiorly |
| lat dorsi contributes to the | posterior wall of axilla |
| origin of lat dorsi | spinous process of inferior thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12 |
| insertion of lat dorsi | spirals around teres minor to insert into floor of intertubercular sulcus of the humerus |
| action of lat dorsi | prime mover of arm extension, powerful arm adductor, medially rotates arm at shoulder; depresses scapula |
| deltoid is a thick multi... | pennate muscle forming rounded shoulder muscle mass |
| deltoid is the perfect site for | injection |
| origin of deltoid | clavicle, spine of scapula and acromion |
| insertion of deltoid | deltoid tuberosity |
| action of deltoid | prime mover of arm abdcution WHEN ALL FIBERS CONTRACT SIMULTANEOUSLY, flexion/medial rotation of humerus, extension and lateral rotation of humerus |
| teres minor is a flat, thin muscle directly | beneath and obscured by pect. major |
| origin of teres major | inferior angle of scapula |
| insertion of teres major | medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus |
| action of teres major | extends, medially rotates and adducts humerus |
| subscapularis forms part of the | posterior wall of axilla |
| origin of subscapularis | subscapular fossa |
| insertion of subscapularis | lesser tubercule of humerus |
| action of subscapularis | chief medial rotator of humerus, helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, thereby stabilizing shoulder joint |
| supraspinatus is named for its location on the | posterior aspect of scapula; deep to trapezius |
| origin of supraspinatus | supraspinous fossa of scapula |
| insertion of supraspinatus | greater tubercle |
| action of supraspinatus | initiates abduction at shoulder and stabilizes it |
| infraspinatus is partially covered by | deltoid and trap. |
| origin of infraspinatus | infraspinous fossa |
| insertion of infraspinatus | greater tubercles |
| action of infraspinatus | rotates arm laterally; helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity to stabilize it |
| teres minor is a small, elongated muscle located | inferior to infraspinatus |
| origin of teres minor | lateral border of scap |
| insertion of teres minor | greater tubercle of humerus |
| action of teres minor | rotates humerus laterally, stabilizes shoulder, adducts shoulder |
| coracobrachialis is what kind of muscle | small, clydrical |
| origin of coracobrachialis | coracoid process |
| insertion of coracobrachialis | medial surface of humerus shaft |
| action of coracobrachialis | flexion/adduction |
| coracobrachialis is a synergist of | pec major |
| rotator cuff is made up of | supra/infra spinatus, subscapularis, teres minor |
| muscles crossing the elbow joint perform | flexion and extension of the forearm |
| triceps brachii is a large fleshy muscle, solely occupying the | posterior compartment of the arm |
| triceps brachii has how many heads | 3 |
| origin of triceps brachii | long head = infraglenoid tubercles. lateral head= back of humerus. medial head =humerall shaft distal to radial tuberosity |
| insertion of triceps brachii | olecranon process of ulna |
| action of triceps brachii | powerful forearm extensor (medial head is prime mover) |
| triceps brachii is an antagonist to the | forearm flexors |
| the long head of triceps brachii performs | extension and adduction at the shoulder joint |
| biceps brachii is a ....muscle whose bellies unite as insertion point is approached | two |
| origin of biceps brachii | coracoid process (short head) and supraglenoid tubercle (long head) |
| insertion of biceps brachii | radial tuberosity |
| action of biceps brachii | flexion at elbow and shoulder and supinates forearm |
| brachialisis a | strong muscle immediately deep to biceps brachii |
| origin of brachialis | anterior, distal surface of humerus |
| insertion of brachialis | coronoid process of ulna |
| action of brachialis | major forearm flexor |
| brachioradialis is a superficial muscle of | lateral forearm, extending from distal humerus to distal forearm |
| origin of brachioradialis | lateral supracondylar ridge at distal end of humerus |
| insertion of brachioradialis | base of styloid process of radius |
| action of brachioradialis | synergis in forearm flexion, stabilize elbow during rapid flexion and extension |
| muscles of the forearm perform movements of the | wrist, hand and fingers |
| flexor and extensor retinacula is a | band-like thickening of deep fascia |
| the flexor and extensor retinacula firmly anchor the | long tendons that insert in the hand distally |
| the retinaculum keep the tendons from | jumping outward when the hand is hyperflexed/extended |
| palmar aponeurosis | sheet-like tendinous extension of the insertion tendon of the palmaris longus muscle |
| pronator teres is a ...muscle and is seen in superficial view between | two headed...proximal margins of brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis |
| origin of pronator teres | medial epicondlye of humerus, coronoid process of ulna |
| insertion of pronator teres | lateral radius midshaft |
| action of pronator teres | pronates forearm; weak flexor of elbow |
| flexor carpi radialis runs ... across the forearm; midway its fleshy belly is replaced by a... | diagonally...flat tendon that becomes cord-like at wrist |
| origin of flexor carpi radialis | medial epicondyle of humerus |
| insertion of flex. carp. radialis | base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals |
| action of flex carp radialis | powerful flexor of wrist; abducts hand. weak synergist of elbow flexion |
| palmaris longus is a small, fleshy muscle with a long insertion tendon, which is located | superficial to the flexor retinaculum |
| the palmaris longus is a | landmark anterior muscle whose tendon inserts into the palmar aponeurosis |
| origin of palmaris longus | medial expicondyle of humerus |
| insertion of palmaris longus | fascia of plam and flexor retinaculum |
| action of palmaris longus | tenses skin of fascia of palm during hand movement, weak wrist flexor and synergist for elbow flexion |
| flexor carpi ulnaris is the most | medial anterior muslce with 2 heads |
| origin of flex carp ulnaris | medial epicondyle, olecranon process and posterior surface of ulna |
| insertion of flex carp ulnaris | pisiform and hamate, base of 5th metacarpal |
| action of flex carp ulnaris | flexor of wrist aand adducts hand in concert with extensor carpi ulnaris |
| flexor digitorum superficialis is a two headed muscle which is more...placed | deep |
| origin of flex digi super | medial epicondyle, coronoid process and shaft of radius |
| insertin of flex digi super | 4 tendons in middle phalanges of fingers 2-5 |
| brachioradialis is the most | anterior muscle of the posterior fascial compartment |
| extensor carpi radialis parallels | brachioradialis on lateral forearm and may blend with it |
| origin of ext. carp radialis | lateral supracondylar ridge |
| insertion of ext. carp. radialis | base of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals |
| action of ext. carp. radialis | extend wrist in concert with the extensor carpi ulnaris and abducts wrist |
| extensor digitorum lies | medial to extensor carp radialis |
| origin of ext. digi | lateral epicondyle of humerus |
| insertion of ext. digi | by 4 tendons into ext. expansions and distal philanges of digits 2-5 |
| action of ext. digi | extends little finger, prime mover of finger extension, extends wrist and abducts fingers |
| extensor carpi ulnaris is the most | medial of superficial posterior muscles and is long and slender |
| origin of extensor carpi ulnaris | lateral epicondyle |
| insertion of ext. carp ulnaris | extend wrist in concert with ext. carpi radialis and addcut wrist with flexor carpi ulnaris |
| abductor pollicis longus is lateral and parallel to | extensor pollicis longus, just distal to supinator |
| origin of abductor pollicis | posterior surface of radius and ulna/interosseous membrane |
| insertion of abductor pollicis | base of 1st metacarpal and trapezium |
| action of abductor pollicis | abduct and extend the thumb |
| extensor pollicis is a deep muscle pair with a common | origin and action |
| origin of ext pollicis | dorsal shaft of radius and ulna/interosseous membrane |
| insertion of ext. pollicis | base of proximal and distal phalanx of thumb |
| coccygeus is a small...muscle lying posterior to... and makes up the posterior part of the... | triangular...levator ani...pelvic diaphragm |
| origin of coccygeus | spine of ischium |
| insertion of coccygeus | sacrum and coccyx |
| action of coccygeus | support pelvic viscera and coccyx; pulls coccyx forward after it has been reflected posteriorly be defecation and childbirth |
| anterior and medial muscles of the thigh originate on the | pelvis or backbone |
| iliopsoas is a composite of | 2 closely related muscles whose fibers pass under the inguinal ligament |
| iliopsoas is made up of the | iliacus and psoas major |
| iliacus is a large | fan-shaped lateral muscle |
| origin of iliacus | iliac fossa/ala of sacrum |
| insertion of iliacus | lesser trochanter of femur via iliopsoas tendon |
| action of iliacus | prime mover of thich flexion and flexion the trunk |
| psoas major is a | longer, thicker,more medial muscle |
| origin of psoas major | transverse processes, and bodies/discs of L1-L5 and t12 |
| insertion of psoas major | lesser trochanter of femur via iliopsoas tendon |
| action of psoas major | same actions as iliacus, also lateral flexion of vertebral column |
| sartorius is the ...muscle in the body and is...; runs obliquely across...;crosses both | longest...strap-like...anterior surface of thigh to knee...hip and knee joints |
| origin of sartorius | anterior superior iliac spine |
| insertions of sartorius | medial tibia |
| action of sartorius | flexes, abducts and laterally roates thigh, flexes knee |
| medial muscles of thigh are the | adductor muscles |
| adductor longus overlies the | middle aspect of adductor magnus, most anterior of adductor muscles |
| origin of adductor longus | pubis near pubic symphysis |
| insertion of adductor longus | linea aspera of femur |
| action of adductor longus | adduct, flexes and medially roates thigh |
| pectineus is a short flat muscle that overlies | adductor brevis and abut adductor longus medially |
| origin of pectineus | pectineal line of pubis |
| insertion of pectineus | line from lesster trochanter to linea aspera |
| action of pectineus | adduct, flexs, medially rotates thigh |
| gracilis origin | inferior ramus and body of pusi and adjacent ischial ramus |
| insertion of gracilis | medial surface of tibia |
| action of gracilis (walking) | adduct/medially roates thigh, flexes and medially roates leg |
| rectus femoris is the superficial muscle of anterior thigh and runs | straight down thigh |
| origin of rectus femoris | anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabular rim |
| insertion of rectus femoris | tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar ligament |
| action of rectus femoris | extends knee and flexes thigh at hip |
| vastus lateralis is the largest | head of the quadriceps |
| origin of vastus lateralis | greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, linea aspera |
| insertion of vastus lateralis | same as rectus femoris |
| action of vastus lateralis | extends and stabilizes the knee |
| vastus medialis origin | linea aspera; medial supracondylar line, intertrochanteric line |
| insertion of medialis | same as rectus femoris |
| action of vastus medialis | extends knee, inferior fibers stabilize patella |
| tensor fasciae latae muscle is enclosed between | fascia layers of anterolateral aspect of thigh |
| origin of tens fasc latae | anterior aspect of iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine |
| insertion of tens fasc latae | iliotibial tract |
| action of tens fasc latae | steadies trunk on thigh by making the IT band taut, flexes and abducts thigh, rotates medially thigh and extends and laterally rotates knee |
| lateral rotators | piriforms, gemellus superior/inferior, obturator externus/internus, quadratus femoris |
| piriformis is a | pyramidal muscle located on back of hip joints |
| origin of piriformis | anterolateral surface of sacrum |
| insertion of piriformis | superior border of greater trochanter of femur |
| action of piriformis | roates extended thigh laterally, abducts hip |
| obturator externus/internus are flat, triangular muscles deep in | upper medial aspect of thigh |
| origin of abturator externus/internus | lateral and medial margins of obturator foramen |
| insertion of ob. ext/int | trochanteric fossa and medial surface of greater trochanter |
| action of ob. ext/int | same as piriformis |
| gemellus superior/inferior are two small muscles with common | insertion and actions (extrapelvic portions of obturator internus) |
| origin of gemelli | ischial spine and tuberosity |
| insertion of gemelli | greater trochanter |
| action of gemelli | same as piriformis |
| quadratus femoris is short, thick and most | inferior of lateral rotator muscles |
| origin of quadratus | ischial tuberosity |
| insertion of quadratus | intertrochanteric crest |
| action of quadratus | rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes hip joint |
| hamstrings are prime movers of | thigh extension and knee flexion |
| biceps femoris is the most | lateral muscle of the group |
| o of biceps femori | ischial tuberosity, linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line |
| i of biceps femoris | head of fibula and lateral condyl of tibia |
| a of biceps femoris | extend thigh and flex knee, laterallly rotate leg |
| semitendinosus is...to biceps femoris | medial |
| o of semi | ischial tuberosity |
| i of semi | medial aspect of upper tibial shaft |
| a of semi | extend thin and flex knee, medially rotates leg |
| semimembranosus is ...to semitendinosus | deep |
| o of semimem | ischial tuberosity |
| i of semimem | medial condyle of tibia |
| a of semimem | extends thigh and flexes knee, medially rotates leg |
| tibialis anterior origin | lateral condyle of tibial shaft |
| i of tibialis ant | medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal |
| a of tibialis ant | prime mover of dorsiflexion and invert foot |
| extensor digi (foot)is | unipennate |
| o of ext. digi(foot) | lateral condyle of tibia and shaft of fibula |
| i of ext. digi foot | middle/distal phalanges of digits 2-5 |
| a of ext digi foot | prime mover of toe extension and also dorsiflexes foot |
| fibularis longus is also called | peroneus |
| peroneus origin tertius | distal anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane |
| i of peroneus tertius | 5th metatarsal |
| a of peroneus tertius | dorsiflexes and everts foot |
| extensor hallucis longus o | anteromedial fibula shaft |
| i of extensor hallucis longus | distal pahlanx of great toe |
| a of ext. hall | extend great toe and dorsiflexes at ankle |
| fibularis longus (peroneus) origin | head of fibula |
| i of fib longus | 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform |
| a of fib longus | plantar flexes and everts foot |
| gastrocnemius origin | by 2 heads from medial and lateral condyles of femur |
| i of gastrocnemius | calcaneus via calcaneal tendon |
| a of gastro | plantar flex foot and flex knee |
| soleus origin | superior tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane |
| soleus insertion | same as gastro |
| a of soleus | plantar flexes foot |
| plantaris origin | back of femur |
| i of plantaris | calcaneal tendon |
| a of plataris | knee flexion and plantar flexion of foot |
| popliteus origin | lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus of knee |
| i of popliteus | tibia |
| a of popliteus | flexes and rotates leg medially to unlock knee |
| flexor digi longus foot origin | extensive origin on posterior tibia |
| i of flex digi foot | distal phalanges of toes 2-5 |
| flexor hall origin | middle shaft of fibula and interosseous membrane |
| i of flex hall | distal phalanx of great toe |
| a of flex hall | plantar flexion and inversion, flexes hallux (pushoff while walking) |
| tibialis posterior originates | interosseous membrane and shafts of tibia and fibula |
| i of tib posterior | navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, 2-4th metatarsals |
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