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Chp. 7 muscles
Chapter 7 Muscular system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three functions of the muscular system? | movement, mobility and heat |
| the muscular system includes the _____ muscles. | skeletal |
| all muscle cells are specialized for _________. | contraction |
| when muscle cells contract, they _____ and _____ a bone to produce movement. | shorten and pull |
| each skeletal muscle is made of __________ of individual muscles cells which can be called ________. | thousands, myocytes |
| another name for myocytes is _______ _______. | muscle fibers |
| muscles are anchored firmly to bones by ______. | tendons |
| most tendons are rope-like, but some are _______. | flat |
| a __________ is the name for a flat tendon. | aponeurosis |
| tendons merge with the _____ that covers the muscle and with the periosteum which is the _________ ____________ tissue membrane that covers a bone. | fascia, fibrous connective tissue |
| origin is the _________ attachment of the muscle. | stationary |
| __________ is the more movable attachment of the muscle. | insertion |
| the two general types of arrangements of the muscles are the _______ anatagonists and the cooperative _______. | opposing, synergists |
| we use antagonistic muscles for muscles that have _______ functions. | opposite |
| ____ is to decrease the angle of a joint. | flexion |
| extension is to ________ the angle of a joint. | increase |
| _______ is laterally raising. | abducting |
| adduction is the movement of a body toward the ______ of the body. | midline |
| what are Range of Motion (ROM) exercises designed for? | to stretch and contract the antagonistic muscles of a joint to preserve as much muscle function and joint mobility as possible. |
| synergistic muscles are those with the ____ function. | same |
| a prime mover is the muscles responsible for the ______ action when a joint is moved. | main |
| the ____ has specific roles in our muscles. | brain |
| the ______ lobes initiate the signal to the muscle in the premotor and motor areas of the cortex. | frontal |
| the cerebellum ________ the movements. | coordinates |
| _______ of the muscle is sensed in the parietal lobes for conscious input. | sensation |
| the _________ is also for subconscious input. | cerebellum |
| muscle tone is slight _________ of muscles that is present _____ of the time. | contraction, most |
| muscle fibers need the energy of __________ __________ (ATP) in order to contract. | adenosine triphosphate |
| good muscle tone improves ________. | coordination |
| thermogenesis is the ______ production from normal muscle metabolism. | heat |
| thermogenesis is due to ________ reactions and _____. | chemical, friction |
| there are two general types of muscle exercise. what are they? | isotonic exercise and isometric exercise. |
| what is isotonic excercise? | muscles contract and bring about movement |
| there are two kinds of isotonic contraction. what are they? | concentric contraction and eccentric contraction |
| isometric exercises involve contraction __________ movement. | without |
| another name for muscle sense is _____________. | proprioception |
| muscle sense is the brains awareness of the position of the _____ and the ______. | muscle, joint |
| within all muscles are __________ called stretch receptors. | stretch |
| the general function of all sensory receptors is to _______ movement. | detect |
| the secondary energy sources for muscle contraction are creatine phosphate and _________. | glycogen |
| sometimes creatine can be converted to _______. | creatonine |
| _______ is the most abundant energy source. | glycogen |
| glycogen is broken down into glucose which goes through cellular _________. | respiration |
| ________ ________ is glucose + O2 - CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat | cellular respiration |
| O2 sources are ________ and _________. | hemoglobin and myoglobin |
| Hemoglobin carries O2 in the ______ (RBC's) | blood |
| myoglobin carries O2 in the _______. | muscle |
| myglobin makes the muscle ___ (color) | red |
| oxygen ____ is when O2 need is greater than the supply. | debt |
| _____ is the deficiency of O2. | hypoxia |
| glucose is converted into lactic acid in _________ respiration. | anaerobic |
| lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid in the _______. | liver |
| __________ ___________ _________ is breathing to supply the oxygen required by the liver to detoxify lactic acid. | recovery oxygen intake |
| muscle fiber is a ________ structure. | microscopic |
| _______ is the motor nerve ending at each muscle fiber junction. | neuromuscular |
| there is one neuromuscluar per ______. | fiber |
| the axon _______ is the enlarged tip of the motor neuron . | terminal |
| ________ is a chemical neurotransmitter released at neuromuscluar junctions. | acetylcholine |
| the membrane of the muscle fiber is the _______ which contains receptor sites for acetylcholine. | sarcolemma |
| cholinesterase is an _________. | inactivator |
| the _______ is the space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma. | synapse |
| __________ are linear arrangements of sarcomeres within a muscle fiber | myofibril |
| thick filaments are made mainly of the protein ______. | myosin |
| titin is the protein in sarcomeres that ________ myosin filaments to the Z lines. | anchors |
| troponin and __________ are inhibitory proteins that prevents contraction when relaxed/ | tropomyosin |
| the _________ reticulum is the ER muscle of the cell. | sarcoplasmic |
| the sarcoplasmic reticulum ______ calcium ions. | stores |
| ACh causes _______ impulse in the sarcolemma. | electrical |
| _____ filament mechanism is when actin filaments pull against myosin filaments. | sliding |
| at rest, a sarcolemma is _________. | polarized |
| sarcolemma depolarization is when ACh bonds to ACh _______. | receptors |
| T ________ are channels that carry out the ction potential to the inner parts of the cell. | tubules |
| sarcolemma _________ is resetting the action potential. | repolarization |
| inversion is ________ the foot/ankle medially. | tilting |
| _______ is tilting the foot/ankle laterally. | eversion |
| supination is rotating the palm __. | up |
| ________ is rotating the palm down. | pronation |
| ___________ _________ is side bending. | lateral flexion |
| internal rotation is rotating around a _______. | joint |
| circumduction is moving in a circular motion without _________. | rotation |
| ________ is bringing a part toward the midline. | retraction |
| protraction is bringing a part toward the midline or __________. | posteriorly |
| _______ is decreasing angle of ankle joint. | dorsiflexion |
| ______ flexion is increasing angle of ankle joint. | plantar |
Created by:
long2010
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