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Byrne Carnahan
SCOTUS cases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Marbury v. Madison | 1803. Marbury was a Federalist appointed by Adams in his last days as president to a federal position. He did not get his appointment and took the case to court. SCOTUS decided in Madison's favor and established its power of judicial review. |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | 1819. McCulloch wouldn't pay Maryland tax on 2nd Nat'l Bank created by Congress. SCOTUS decided Congress had the implied power from the elastic clause to create a national bank and that no state could tax a federal institution b/c of Supremacy Clause. |
| Barron v. Baltimore | 1833. Barron wanted Baltimore to compensate him for financial losses it caused him. 5th amendment was his argument. Marshall Court decided Bill of Rights applied only to nat'l gov't and that it had no jurisdiction here. Baltimore won. |
| Dred Scott v. Sandford | 1856. Sanford owned Scott, a slave. Scott tried to say his extended residence in free territory made him free. The Supreme Court decided he was still a slave. MO Comp of 1820 made unconstit b/c Congress can't ban slavery in territory. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1895. Established the principle of separate but equal. Segregation laws do not violate the equal protection clause of 14th amendment if they create equal facilities for each race. |
| Schneck v. US | 1918. During First Red Scare. Established clear and present danger test. Schneck was guilty of threatening national security. He issued circulars encouraging American men to peacefully resist the draft. |
| Korematsu v. United States | 1944. Exec. order 9066 created Japanese internment. Korematsu refused to be interned. SCOTUS decided gov't and army were justified b/c of "emergency and peril," even though internment was likely unconstitutional. |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | 1952. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and separate but equal doctrine. Said it violated 14th amendment b/c separate facilities are inherently unequal. |
| Mapp v. Ohio | 1960. Established exclusionary rule. Any evidence obtained illegally (against 4th amendment) by police cannot be used in court. Required court to develop procedures like "good faith" to determine when illegal evidence could be used. |
| Buckley v. Valeo | 1975. SCOTUS decision on Federal Election Campaign Act. Limits on individual contributions to campaigns were allowed b/c they guard against protection. Limits on candidate spending were not allowed. 1st amend issue. |
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke | 1977. Bakke was passed up for admission in favor of minority students less well qualified. SCOTUS barely voted in his favor; he was admitted, b/c university's actions violated Civil Rights Act of 1964. Affirmative action does not violate 14th amend. |
| Gideon v. Wainwright | 1962. Incorporated 6th amendment right to counsel in a trial in the states. Overturned 1942 decision in Betts v Brady. |
| Miranda v. Arizona | 1965. Court ruled 5-4 that police must inform suspects and detainees and whoever they question of their fifth amendment rights: right to counsel and to refrain from self-incrimination esp. |
| Griswold v. Connecticut | 1964. Griswold violated Conn. law by providing counseling on contraception to married couples. SCOTUS ruled that several rights from the Bill of Rights created privacy in marital relations that stated laws cannot violate. |
| Roe v. Wade | 1971. Applied privacy ruling of Griswold to abortion. Women then had total control over pregnancy in first trimester, with varying levels of state control in second and third. |
| Baker v. Carr | 1960. May the Supreme Court rule on issues of legislative apportionment? Yes. They deal with the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. |
| Gitlow v. New York | 1922. Incorporates 1st amendment rights in the states by the 14th amendment due process clause. Created "dangerous tendency" test, an extension of clear and present danger. Speech tending to create danger may be prohibited even if it creates no danger. |
| New York Times v. Sullivan | 1963. 1st amendment protects right to write or publish anything harmful to public officials as long as it is not written with actual malice or "reckless disregard" for its falsity. |
| Engel v. Vitale | |
| Lemon v. Kurtzman | |
| New Jersey v. T.L.O. | |
| Gregg v. Georgia | |
| U.S. v. Nixon | |
| Bush v. Gore | |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | 1824. SCOTUS said law passed by New York regulating commerce on its waters was unconstitutional by supremacy clause b/c it went against act of Congress. Congress alone exercised the right to regulate interstate commerce. |
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