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Scotttts
Supreme Courts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | Marbury sued b/c he was appointed to a government post in the last days of John Adams presidency, but they were never finalized. Is Marbury entitled to his appointment? 6 votes for Madison, 0 against. Const & action in violation; proved Const. is supreme. |
| McCullough v. Maryland (1819) | Ma. enacted a statute imposing a tax on all banks operating in Maryland not chartered by the state. McCulloch (D), the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States, issued bank notes without complying with the Maryland law. 1.Yes. Cong |
| Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | Boating laws- who has more power, federal or state? NY law invalid by a section of the Supremacy Clause. Federal power> state power. |
| Barron vs. Baltimore | The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution bound only the federal government and was thus inapplicable to actions taken by state and local governments. |
| Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) | Scott sued under federal law that upon moving to a free state, he was no longer a slave. Court ruled 7-2 that he was not a citizen, therefore had no standing; also, Fifth Amendment could not deprive citizens of their property, including slaves. |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) | Challenged state segregation laws under 13/14th amendments, but Court ruled 7-1 that the state laws on seperation did not violate constitutional rights as long as they were applied equally. |
| Schenck vs. US (1919) | Socialist leader spoke out against the draft during wartime and was jailed under Espionage Act; Court unanimously ruled that during wartime First Amendment rights can be curtailed in the face of a 'clear and present danger' |
| Korematsu v. US (1943) | Challenged Exec Order 9066 for internment of Japanese-American citizens during WW2 on grounds of violating 14th amendment. Court ruled 6-3 that internment was legal and did not violate equal protection because we were at war with Japan |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) | Challenged Plessy case after 60 years of segregation; first time Court looked at scientific evidence and concluded unanimously that equal protection was being violated by state laws |
| Mapp v. Ohio (1961) | Police searched a house without cause or warrants; Court ruled 6-3 that any evidence violating 4th amendment cannot be used in state courts (in addition to federal) |
| Buckley v. Valeo (1976) | Congress passed campaign finance reform; Court ruled that while Congress could limit contributions to a candidate, could not limit expenditures by a candidate. Said that money is a form of speech |
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) | UC Davis set aside admissions slots for African-Americans. Court ruled that while race can be a factor to admit somebody, it can't be used to not admit somebody. 5-4 decision with many opinions issued |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | Court ruled unanimously that defendants in trials must be provided with legal representation; expanded 6th Amendment to state courts |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | Expanded on Gideon ruling; defendants have right to lawyers and anything said without a lawyer present or without waiving such right cannot be used in court. 5-4 decision |
| Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) | Challenged Connecticut law banning contraceptives; 7-2 decision established 'right to privacy' under 9th/14th amendments, but dissents noted that no such right is written in Constitution |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | Used Griswold ruling to extend right to privacy to state laws banning abortion; Court ruled 7-2 that women have the right to terminate a fetus until viability under 14th amendment |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) | Legislator challenged state political redistricting in federal court; Court had to rule whether it was a 'political question' or not to allow courts to hear such cases. Delayed 6-2 decision ruled that courts could intervene in redistricting |
| Gitlow v. New York (1925) | Reversed Barron case and established that federal amendments applied to state constitutions as well as the federal one; Court said 7-2 that 1st amendment must be applied at state level |
| NYT v. Sullivan (1964) | Newspapers were being sued for libel in southern state courts; Court ruled that under 1st amendment, any standard for libel must prove that false defamatory statements about public officials had to be said recklessly and with malice, reversing the lawsuit |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | Public school students challenged the 'voluntary prayer' led by teachers in school; Court 6-1 that such prayers violated the Establishment Clause by promoting religion in a state-sponsored setting |
| Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) | State law allowed for reimbursing religious schools for teachers and books. Court established 'Lemon test' for laws about religion: must be secular in nature; must not advance or inhibit religion; must not make state 'excessively entangled' with religion |
| New Jersey v. T.L.O (1985) | Student was searched at school for drugs and convicted. Challenged search under 4th amendment; Court ruled 6-3 that school interest in safety allows for such searches as long as there is reasonable suspicion |
| Gregg vs. Georgia (1976) | Overturned Court's own ruling from 1972 on constitutionality of the death penalty, ruled 7-2 that death penalty does not violate 8th amendment as long as it is done with reasonable standards and there is an appeals process |
| US v. Nixon (1974) | Nixon was ordered to hand over materials pertaining to Watergate case, refused on grounds of executive privilege. Court ruled unanimously that it had final say on constitutional issues and that no man, including president, is above the law |
| Bush v. Gore (2000) | Bush filed injunction against recount of votes in Florida counties; Court ruled 5-4 that the recount violated Bush's 14th amendment rights to equal protection. Case has never been cited as precedent in any other ruling |
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shelbyfullerton
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