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AMURICA Court Cases
SCTOUS Court Cases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | Facts: William Marbury and several others were appointed as judges before John Adam’s term ended, but never finalized.Question: Are the appointments legal?Facts: When the Constitution conflicts with an act, it’s invalid. This established judicial review. |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | Facts: The Second Bank of the US was taxed by Maryland. McCulloch refused to pay the tax.Question: Can Maryland tax a federal bank and mess with congress’ powers?Conclusion: Congress can make a federal bank and Maryland can’t tax the federal government. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | Facts: NY made law that needed permit to operate on state waters; challenged since he did business between NY & NJ.Question: Did NY violate Congress’ power for regulating interstate commerce?Conclusion: Marshall ruled NY law void due to Supremacy Clause. |
| Barron v. Baltimore (1833) | Facts: Barron lost money when Baltimore expanded and made his harbor unprofitable.Question: Does the 5th Amendment apply to the states?Conclusion: Marshall ruled the 5th Amendment was created to stop the federal government, not states. |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) | Facts: Dred Scott is a slave in MO. Moved to IL and lived there for years. Returned to MO and sued them, saying he was free.Question: Is he free or a slave?Conclusion: He’s a slave under Articles III, which says must be a US citizen to be a state citizen. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Facts: LA enacted a law for segregated railway cars. Plessy (7/8 white) sat on the white car, refused to move. Question: Is segregation law unconstitutional by 14th Amendment? Conclusion: State law is not unconstitutional; “separate but equal.” |
| Schneck v. U.S. (1919) | Facts: During WWI, Schneck mailed circulars to draftees, urging them to protest. Question: Are Schneck’s actions protected by free speech? Conclusion: Schneck wasn’t protected. He presented a “clear and present danger” during war, so he can be punished. |
| Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) | Facts: FDR issued E.O. 9906, which moved Jap-Americans from areas that were vital to national defense.Question: Did president abuse power by limiting Jap-Americans rights?Conclusion: Court went with government; said it was necessary to protect espionage. |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Facts: Black kids couldn’t go to white schools because of segregation.Question: Does public school segregation solely by race deprive children equal protection in 14th Amendment?Conclusion: Yes, even though facilities may equal, intangibles aren’t equal. |
| Mapp v. Ohio (1961) | Facts: Mapp was convicted of possessiong obscene materials after an illegal police search.Question: Were confiscated materials in violation of 4th amendment be submitted in state court?Conlusion: Illegally obtained evidence doesn’t hold in ANY court. |
| Buckley v. Valeo (1976) | Facts: after Watergate, Congress put limits on how much one can donate to candidates.Question: Did these limits violate the 1st Amendment?Conclusion: Individual contributions didn’t violate 1st Amendment but donations from personal family did violate it. |
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) | Facts: Bakke applied to Med School but rejected cause white; spots reserved for minorities/affirmative action.Question: Did college violate 14 Amendment by rejecting Bakke?Conclusion: Excluding due to race was unconstitutional, but quotas could be okay. |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | Facts: Gideon requested lawyer in court, but was not granted one. Question: Did court’s failure to appoint lawyer violate right of fair and speedy trial? Conclusion: Court ruled Gideon had right to be represented by a court-appointed attorney. |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | Facts: Miranda was not read rights prior to interrogation.Question: Does police interrogating people without telling them right to counsel violate 5 Amendment?Conclusion: Court can’t use statements from interrogation unless defendant had right to counsel. |
| Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) | Facts: Griswold dealt with Planned Parenthood; gave info about birth control.Question: Does Constitution protect marital privacy against states when deals with contraceptives?Conclusion: The BoR inexplicitly creates right of marital privacy. |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | Facts: Roe wanted an abortion. Texas law prevents so unless to save carrier’s life.Question: Does Constitution allow right for a woman to terminate her pregnancy?Conclusion: Court held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy. |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) | Facts: Charles Baker said a law made to apportion seats for the state's General Assembly was ignored.Question: Did the Supreme Court have jurisdiction over questions of legislative apportionment?Conclusion: Court held that apportionment was justiciable. |
| Gitlow v. New York (1925) | Facts: Gitlow was socialist and wanted socialism through strikes. Arrested by state anarchy law.Question: Does NY law violate free speech clause of the First Amendment?Conclusion: Speech can be protected, but also be considered dangerous and acted upon. |
| New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) | Facts: Sullivan sued for libel against NYT.Question: Did Alabama's libel law violate the 1st Amendment's freedom of press?Conclusion: 1st Amendment protects publication of all statements, even false ones, about public officials except for actual malice. |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | Facts: NY authorized a short, voluntary prayer at start of each school day.Question: Does reading of a prayer at the start of the school day violate "establishment of religion" clause of 1st Amendment?Conclusion: Prayer in school ruled unconstitutional. |
| Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) | Facts: PA and RI provided financial support for non-public schools.Question: Did RI & PA violate 1st Amendment's Establishment Clause by making state financial aid available to "church- related educational institutions"?Conclusion: 3-Part test developed. |
| New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) | Facts: T.L.O. was 14; accused of smoking in the girls' bathroom. Principal searched her purse & found narcotics. Question: Did search violate the 4th & 14th Amendments?Conclusion: TLO’s actions gave reasonable suspicion for search; did not violate rights. |
| Gregg v. Georgia (1976) | Facts: Gregg was guilty to robbery and murder; sentenced to death; claimed that death was cruel & unusual punishment.Question: Is death sentence prohibited under 8th & 14th Amendments?Conclusion: Death sentence did not violate either amendment, so legal. |
| U.S. v. Nixon (1974) | Facts: Watergate; special prosecutor wanted tapes; Nixon claimed “executive privilege”Question: Is President's right to keep certain information (executive privilege) immune from judicial review?Conclusion: NO. Nixon gave up tapes and shortly resigned. |
| Bush v. Gore (2000) | Facts: Florida Supreme Court ordered recount of 9000 ballots by hand as well as any “under-votes”Question: Did Florida violate Constitution making new election law?Conclusion: Florida’s scheme for recounting was unconstitutional, & no time for new method. |
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