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Chp. 14 Lymphatic
Chapter 14 Lymphatic System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ is the name for tissue fluid that enters lymph capillaries. | lymph |
| the systems of lymph vessels begins at dead-end lymph-capillaries found in most ____ spaces. | tissue |
| lymph capillaries are very ______ and collect tissue fluid and proteins. | permeable |
| _____ are specialized lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine. | lacteals |
| what is the function of lacteals? | they absorb the fat-soluble end products of digestion. |
| there is no ___ for lymph. | pump |
| lymph vessels are found in the _________ spaces of most tissues. | interstitial |
| ________ cells overlaps to create ____ that prevent fluid form moving out. | endothelial, flaps |
| as muscles ______ is forces lypmh up. | contract |
| valves made of endothelium ______ lymph from flowing down. | prevent |
| ______ _______ is a large lymph vessel formed by the union of lymph vessels from the lower body. | cisterna chyli |
| lymph vessels from the ULQ of the body join the ______ duct. | thoracic |
| lymph vessels from the URQ of the body unite to form the _____ _______ duct. | right lymphatic |
| lymphatic tissue consists of mainly lymphocytes in a ______ - like framework of connective tissue. | mesh |
| lymphocytes become ______ and proliferate in response to ______. | activated, infection |
| the _____ has stem cells that produce a significant portion of the T lymphocytes. | thymus |
| lymph ____ and _______ are masses pf lymphatic tissue. | nodes, nodules |
| what are usually larger; nodes or nodules? | nodes. |
| ________ are encapsulated. | nodes |
| _____ do not have capsules. | nodules |
| Where are lymph nodes found? | in large groups along the pathways of lymph vessels. |
| as lymph passes through a lymph node, bacteria and other foreign materials are _______ by fixed ________. | phagocytized, macrophages |
| _______ cells develop from B lymphocytes exposed to pathogens in the lymph and produce ________. | plasma, antibodies |
| there are three specific pairs of lymph vessels because of the strategic location. What are they? | cervical, axillary, and inguinal |
| breaks in the skin, with entry of ________ are much more likely to occur in the ____ or _____ or head rather than in the trunk. | pathogens, arms, legs |
| if pathogens get to the lymph, they will be _______ by the lymph nodes. | destroyed |
| ________ ________ are small masses of lymphatic tissue found just beneath the epithelium of all _______ membranes. | lymph nodules, mucous |
| name a few of the body systems that are lined with mucous membranes that have openings to the environment. | respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive. |
| what are the lymph nodules of the pharynx called? | tonsils |
| a tonsillectomy is the _______ ______ of the palatine tonsils. | surgical removal |
| what are Peyer's patches? | the lymph nodules of the small intestine |
| the _____ is located in the ULQ of the abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm and behind the stomach. | spleen |
| in the fetus, the spleen produces ______ _RBC's or WBC's)? | red blood cells |
| why is the spleen not considered a vital organ? | because other organs compensate for its functions if the spleen must be removed. |
| the ____ and ___ bone marrow will remove old RBC's and ______ from circulation. | liver, red, platelets |
| the lymph nodes and nodules will _______ pathogens and have __________ to be activated and plasma cells to produce antibodies. | phagocytize, lymphocytes |
| is a person without a spleen more or less susceptible to certain bacterial infetions like pneumonia or meningitis? | more susceptible. |
| the thymus is located ______ to the thyroid gland. | inferior |
| the stem cells of the thymus produce T ___________ or T Cells. | lymphocytes |
| _______ - __________ is the ability to distinguish the cells that belong in the body from those that do not. | self - recognition |
| self-tolerance is the ability ____ to react to proteins and other organic molecules our cells produce. | not |
| the T cells that do not react to "self" molecules but accept or tolerate them, are the cells that will _______. | survive |
| usually, by the age of ___ years old, the immune system matures and becomes fully functional. | two |
| immunity may be defined as the ability to ______ pathogens or other foreign material to prevent further cases of infectious diseases. | destroy |
| the body is exposed to ______ from the moment of birth. | pathogens |
| antigens are _________ markers that identify cells. | chemical |
| When antigens are foreign, they are usually recognized as "non-self" antigens and may be _______. | destroyed |
| _______ cells are a result of mutations of normal cells. | malignant |
| Immunity has two main components. What are they? | Innate immunity and adaptive immunity |
| ______ immunity may be called "non-specific" | innate |
| Innate immunity is nonspecific, no memory, and doesn't become more _____ with exposure. | efficient |
| there are __ (number) barriers. | seven |
| epidermis is ______ epithelium. | keratinized |
| ______ prevent bacterial growth | sebum |
| _______ are antimicrobial made in the live epidermal cells | defensins |
| ______ membranes are a structural barrier | mucous |
| ciliated epithelium sweep _________ out to be swallowed. | pathogens |
| lysozome is in ____ and _____ that destroy pathogens. | saliva, tears |
| white blood cells are in the submucosa and ________ tissue. | subcutaneous |
| basophils and mast cells are what? | defensive cells |
| where are basophils and mast cells found? | in areolar connective tissue |
| what is the function of basophils and mast cells? | they release chemicals that contribute to inflammation. |
| Natural killer cells _______ in the blood but are also found in the ___ bone marrow, spleen and lymph ______. | circulate, red, nodes |
| NK cells are able to destroy many kinds of ______ and _____ cells. | pathogens and tumor |
| how do NK cells kill foreign cells? | by coming in direct contact with them and rupturing their membranes or inflicting some other kind of chemical damage. |
| _______ defenses help the body resist infection . | chemical |
| _______ are proteins that are produced my cells infected with viruses and by T cells. | interferons |
| viruses must be _______ a living cell in order to reproduce. | inside |
| complement is a group of more than __ (number) plasma proteins that circulate the blood until _____. | 20, activated |
| some complement cells stimulate the release of _________ in inflammation. | histamine |
| inflammation is a general response to ______ of any kind. | damage |
| what are the three types of damage that can cause inflammation? | microbial,chemical or physical |
| _________ increases blood flow to the damaged area and capillaries become more permeable causing inflammation. | vasodilation |
| what is the purpose of inflammation? | to try to contain the damage, keep it from spreading, eliminate the cause, and permit repair of the tissue to begin. |
| what are the four signs of inflammation? | swelling, pain, redness and heat |
| inflammation is a ________ feedback mechanism that may become a vicious cycle of damage and cause more damage. | positive |
| prevention of more damage is prevented by ______ and one of the _________ proteins. | cortisol, complement |
| ________ immunity responds and learns as it responds to situations. | adaptive |
| adaptive immunity is carried out by ___________ and _________. | lymphocytes, macrophages |
| the majority of lymphocytes are __ cells. | T cells |
| Where are T cells produced? | from stem cells in the thymus and bone marrow in the fetus |
| B lymphocytes are ________ in bone marrow. | produced |
| B cells migrate to the _________ tissue directly. | lymphatic |
| T and B cells have a very specific _______ of pathogens. | specific |
| T cells called Helper T Cells become _______ to the specific foreign antigen presented on the macrophage. | sensitized |
| what are the 2 mechanisms of adaptive immunity? | cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity |
| cell-mediated immunity does not result in production of _______. | antigens |
| another name for cell-mediated immunity is what? | cellular immunity |
| cellular immunity is effective against __________ pathogens like fungi, malignant cells and grafts/transplants. | intracellular |
| ________ helper T cells divide to become cytotoxic cells. | activated |
| cytotoxic cells _______ cytokines which attract macrophages and activates them. | produce |
| memory B cells will remember the _______m antigen and initiate a rapid response upon a _____ exposure. | specific, second |
| ______ cells produce antibodies specific for this one foreign antigen. | plasma |
| antibodies are called immune globulins or _______ ________. | gamma globulins. |
| gamma globulins are shaped like what letter? | the letter Y |
| gamma globulins are found in different _____ and have different ______. | places, functions |
| opsonization is ______ foreign antigens by ______ to them. | labeling, sticking |
| opsonization causes macrophages and neutrophils to _______ them. | phagocytize |
| opsonization _________ compliment fixation. | stimulates |
| _________ fixation is when certain complement proteins bond to the antigen-antibody complex. | complement |
| agglutination are _____ of complexes that make it easier for phagocytosis | clumps |
| ______ complement attaches to the complex but not enough to destroy it. | partial |
| partial complement causes chemotaxis of ________. | macrophages |
| what is chemotaxis? | chemically induced movement |
| there are 2 types of immunity. what are they? | genetic immunity and active immunity |
| genetic immunity does not involve the _______ system. | immune |
| passive immunity is immunity from ________ _________. | another source |
| ______ immunity is temporary. | passive |
| passive immunity can be artificial or ______. | natural |
| immunity is when the individual produces his own antibodies. | active |
| is active immunity permanent or temporary? | permanent |
| is active immunity natural or artificial? | both |
Created by:
long2010
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