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AP Gov. SJ 2
Court Cases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Barron v. Baltimore (1833) | The 1833 Supreme Court decision holding that the Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not the states and cities |
| Gitlow v. New York (1925) | the 1925 Supreme Court decision holding that freedoms of press and speech are “fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states” as well as by the federal government. |
| Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) | established that aid to church-related schools must (1) have a secular legislative purpose; (2) have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion; and (3) not foster excessive government entanglement with religion |
| Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) | The 2002 Supreme Court decision that upheld a state providing families with vouchers that could be used to pay for tuition at religious schools |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York’s schoolchildren |
| School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp (1963) | a 1963 Supreme Court decision holding that a Pennsylvania law requiring Bible reading in schools violated the establishment clause of the First Amendment |
| Near v. Minnesota (1931) | the 1931 Supreme Court decision holding that the First Amendment protects newspapers from prior restraint |
| Schenk v. United States (1919) | a 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a “clear and present danger” of substantive evils |
| Zurcher v. Stanford Daily (1976) | a 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a proper search warrant could be applied to a newspaper as well as anyone else without necessarily violating the First Amendment rights to freedom of the press |
| Roth v. United States (1957) | a 1957 Supreme Court decision ruling that “obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press” |
| Miller v. California (1973) | a 1973 Supreme Court decision that avoided defining obscenity by holding that community standards be used to determine whether material is obscene in terms of appealing to a “prurient interest” and being “patently offensive” and lacking in value |
| New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) | established the guidelines for determining whether public officials and public figures could win damage suits for libel. To do so, individuals must prove that the defamatory statements were made with “actual malice” and reckless disregard for the truth |
| Texas v. Johnson (1989) | a 1989 case in which the Supreme Court struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment |
| Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974) | a 1974 case in which the Supreme Court held that a state could not force a newspaper to print replies from candidates it had criticized, illustrating the limited power of government to restrict the print media |
| Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission (1969) | upheld restriction on radio and television broadcasting. These restriction on the broadcast media are much tighter than those on the print media because there are only a limited number of broadcasting frequencies available |
| NAACP v. Alabama (1958) | The Supreme Court protected the right to assemble peaceably in this 1958 case when it decided the NAACP did not have to reveal its membership list and this subject its members to harassment |
| Mapp v. Ohio (1961) | the 1961 Supreme Court decision ruling that the Fourth Amendment’s protection against unreasonable searches and seizures must be extended to the states as well as to the federal government |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | The 1966 Supreme Court decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused person to protect them against self-incrimination and to protect their right to counsel |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | The 1963 Supreme Court decision holding that anyone accused of a felony where imprisonment may be imposed, however poor he or she might be, has a right to a lawyer. |
| Gregg v. Georgia (1976) | upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty, stating that “It is an extreme sanction, suitable to the most extreme of crimes.” The Court did not, therefore, believe that the death sentence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment |
| McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) | The 1987 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty against charges that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment because minority defendants were more likely to receive the death penalty than were White defendants |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. forbade state control over abortions to during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother’s health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect |
| Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) | a 1992 case in which the Supreme Court loosened its standard for evaluating restriction on abortion from one of “strict scrutiny” of any restraints on a “fundamental right” to one of “undue burden” that permits considerably more regulation |
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