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Chp. 10
Fundamentals of Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acute glomerulonephritis is an | inflammation of the kidneys primarily affecting children and young adults. |
| Acute glomerulonephritis usually occurs 1-4 weeks after a | streptococcal infection (throat/skin) |
| Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include: | chills, pyrexia, anorexia, wakness, edema (face/ankles), albuminuria, hematuria, casts in the urine |
| The Px for acute glomerulonephritis is generally good if | a chronic degeneration of nephrons don't occur |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis is an | inflammation of the kidneys that may persist for years with remissions and relapses |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually accompanied by | HTN |
| A sign of chronic glomerulonephritis is | low specific gravity (spec. grav.) of the urine |
| The end result of chronic glomerulonephritis can be | renal atrophy (no development) and RF |
| RF | renal failure |
| RF causes | uremia |
| Uremia (azotemia) means | a blood condition of excessive nitrogenous (N) waste |
| RF prevents the kidneys from eliminating: | nitrogenous (N) wastes |
| Blood tests used to detect RF include: | BUN, Cc, Cys C, GFR |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
| Cc | creatine clearence |
| Cys C | cystatin C |
| GFR | glomerular filtration rate |
| ARF | acute renal failure |
| Causes of ARF: | hypovolemic shock, blood type/Rh incompatibility, kidney disease, trauma, poisoning |
| Signs and symptoms of ARF: | oliguria, anuria, uremia, ammonia breath, hyperkalemia, muscle weakness |
| Oliguria | scanty urine <500 cc/day |
| Anuria | no urine production |
| Uremia | azotemia |
| Hyperkalemia | excessive potassium |
| Tx of ARF: | remedy the cause, HD (hemodialysis) |
| CAPD | continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis |
| CRF | chronic renal failure |
| CRF is usually caused by long standing kidney disease such as: | chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic HTN, DN (diabetic neuropathy) |
| Tx for CRF: | HD and kidney transplantation |
| CRF can also be caused by: | ATN (acute tubular necrosis) |
| Causes of ATN include nephrotoxic agents such as: | certain antibiotics (Gentamicin), dyes used in diagnostic procedures |
| polyonephritis | a suppurative inflammation of a renal pelvis |
| Pyelonephritis is usually caused by pyogenic organisms such as: | E. coli, strep, staph; they can causes abscesses to form |
| Signs/symptoms of polyonephritis include: | chills, pyrexia, back/abdonminal pain, dysuria, pyuria, bacteruria, hematuria |
| Tx for polyonephritis includes the use of: | antibiotics (Bactrim) |
| The Px for polyonephritis is | good |
| Renal carcinoma occurs more frequently in | 50-6o yr old men |
| The incidence of renal carcinoma doubles for | smokers |
| The Px for renal carcinoma is poor because | metastases (spread) to the lungs, liver, bone, and brain usually occur before signs and symptoms appear |
| The chief sign of renal carcinoma is | painless hematuria |
| A WT (Wilm's tumor) is a: | malignant fast growing renal tumor in very young children. |
| The Px for WT is | poor but remission rates are increasing |
| The medical terms for kidney stones are | nephrolithiasis and urinary (renal) calculi |
| Urinary calculi occur more frequently in 20 to 40 year old | men (4 to 1 men/women) |
| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis occur when a calculus obstructs a | ureter |
| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis include: | Sharp severe retroperitoneal pain radiating to the inguinal region, hematuria |
| Causes of nephrolithiasis include: | dietary Ca excess, dietary protein and Na excess, hyperparathyroidism |
| A calculus that fills the renal pelvis completely is called a: | staghorn calculus |
| Tests commonly used to detect a renal calculus include: | KUB, renal ultrasound, CT, IVP |
| KUB | kidneys, ureters, bladder |
| IVP | IV pyelogram |
| Tx for a calculus that impedes the flow of urine is a: | ESWL (extra corpeal wave lithotripsy) |
| Hydronephrosis occurs when | a kidney becomes extremely dilated with urine |
| Causes of hydronephrosis include: | renal calculus, tumor, BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) |
| Tx for hydronephrosis involves | removal of the obstruction before permanent damage to a kidney(s) occurs. |
| CKD | chronic kidney disease |
| The leading risk factors for CKD include: | DM, HTN, weight gain, smoking |
| Women who drink two or more cans of regular soda per day are | twice as likely to develop CKD |
| Cystitis is an: | inflammation of the urinary bladder AKA urinary infection |
| Cystitis is more common in women because | the female urethra is shorter than in males |
| The chief causative agent of cystits is | E. Coli (eschericha coli) |
| Signs/symptoms of cystitis include: | urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, bacteriuria, pyuria |
| Tx for cystitis includes: | forcing fluids, antibiotics |
| The Px for cystitis is | good |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include: | Wiping from front to back after a BM, Take showers instead of baths, dont douche, dont wear tight pants, cotton underwear, urinate after coitus, increase fluid intake, vitamin C |
| Urethritis is: | inflammation of the urethra |
| Urethritis in males may be caused by: | GC (gonococci) |
| Signs/symptoms of urethritis: | dysuria, balanorrhea, testicular edema |
| Urethritis in females commonly accompanies: | cystitis |
| Tx for urethritis includes: | antibiotics (amoxcillian) |
| PID stands for: | pelvic inflammatory disease |
| PID refers to an: | inflammation of the female pelvic reproductive organs. |
| Common causes of PID: | STDs, GC and chlamydia |
| Signs/symptoms of PID: | lower abdominal pain, pyrexia, dysuria, pungent leukorrhea, dyspareuria |
| A complication of untreated PID is: | infertility |
| Tx for PID includes: | antibiotics, ASA, bed rest, and fluids |
| Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina commonly caused by | Candida albicans, trichomonas (sexually transmitted parasite) |
| Candidiasis is AKA: | yeast infection |
| Signs and symptoms of vaginitis include: | pungent leukorrhea, vaginal pruritus, vaginal burning/soreness |
| The incidence of yeast infections can be reduced by drinking 2 or more glasses of | milk daily |
| Atrophic vaginitis is caused by | atrophy (no development) of the vaginal septa (walls). |
| Atrophic vaginitis is commonly caused by a decrease in | estrogen associated with menopause |
| A common complaint of atrophic vaginitis is: | dyspareunia (painful copulation) |
| Tx for atrophic vaginitis includes: | ERT AKA HRT, Antibiotic creams, steroid creams, water soluble lubricants |
| Puerperal sepsis is an infection of the endometrium occurring after: | parturition or abortion |
| The most common cause of puerperal sepsis is: | poor aseptic technique during parturition/abortion |
| The poor aseptic technique allows pathogens such as: | staphlococci, streptococci, or E.coli to enter the uterine wall; causes necrosis of the endometrium |
| A complication of puerperal sepsis is: | septic shock |
| Signs/symptoms of puerperal sepsis include: | pyrexia and chills, profuse or pungent lochia (smelly discharge after birth) |
| Tx for puerperal sepsis is: | antibiotic therapy |
| Cervical cancer refers to a: | malignancy of the Cx |
| Cervical cancer has a good Px if: | detected before metastasis |
| The most common test to detect cervical malignancy is the | PAP test every two years |
| After age 30 and after 3 consecutive negative PAP tests: | every three years |
| Pap tests should begin within : | 3 years of becoming sexually active or by age 21 |
| CIS | Carcinoma in situ - A cervical lesion detected before metastasis |
| Tx for CIS: | conization, cryosurgery, cauterization, hysterectomy |
| Risk factors for cervical malignancy include: | poor hygiene, HPV, x sexual partners, early intercourse, smoking |
| Fibroid tumors are: | benign tumors of the myometrium |
| Fibroid tumors are also called: | leiomyomas |
| The risk of developing leiomyomas is | 1 in 5 women under the age of 50 |
| Signs and symptoms of fibroid tumors include: | pelvic pain, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, dyspareunia |
| Tx options for leiomyomas include: | myoectomy, myolysis, hysterectomy |
| The most common ovarian neoplasm is an | ovarian cyst |
| An ovarian cyst is usually: | benign, fluid filled sac |
| An ovarian cyst will usually resolve with time but a large cyst that interferes with blood flow can be: | removed surgically |
| PCOS | polycystic ovary syndromes - characterized by androgen (testosterone) and insulin imbalance |
| Signs/symptoms of PCOS include: | wt gain, HTB, increased facial/body hair, alopecia, irregular menses, MDD, infertility |
| PCOS can increase risk for: | cardiovascular disease and DM |
| Tx for PCOS include: | healthy diet, regular exercise, BCPs, stop smoking |
| Signs and symptoms of an ovarian malignancy include: | Prolonged abdominal bloating and pelvic pain, chronic fatigue, anorexia, wt loss, prolonged urinary frequency |
| Risk factors for an ovarian malignancy include: | high fat diet, nulliparity, family hx of cancer, childbearing after 30, delayed menopause |
| Ovarian malignancies occur more frequently: | perimenopausal and postmenopausal |
| Tx for ovarian malignancy include: | oophorectomy, hysterectomy, chemotherapy, radiation |
| If caught before metastasis, the five year survival rate for an ovarian malignancy is : | 93% |
| If caught after metastasis the five year survival rate for an ovarian malignancy is : | 20-30% |
| A chemical in the blood that can elevate with the presence of an ovarian malignancy is: | Ca-125 |
| The risk of ovarian neoplasms decreases with the use of: | BCPs |
| The most common breast malignancy is an: | adenocarcnioma |
| Adenocarcinomas occur more often in: | nulliparity, women w/ a family hx of breast Ca |
| Adenocarcinomas frequently occur around the time of: | menopause |
| Common signs of a breast malignancy include: | A hard fixed lump in the upper outer quadrant of a breast, Axillary lymphadenopathy , dimpling skin, papillary retraction, papillary discharge |
| ACS mammogram recommendations include: | annually for 40-49 yr olds if hx exists, ages 50-74 every 2 yrs |
| BSE should be preformed | every month starting at age 20 |
| A woman’s lifetime risk of developing a breast malignancy is | 1 in 8 |
| Confirmation of the suspected tumor can be made with a: | stereotactic needle biopsy |
| Malignant breast tumors can metastasize to the lungs, liver, brain, and bone via the : | lymphatic system |
| Tx for breast malignancy includes: | lumpectomy, mastectomy, radiation, chemotherapy |
| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include: | ETOH,smoking, sedentary lifestyle, sugar, ERT, BCPs, nulliparity, folate deficiency |
| Breast malignancy risk can be significantly reduced by : | moderate exercise, healthy weight, and breastfeeding |
| Breast malignancies are more common in women over the age of : | 45 |
| The younger a person is with a breast malignancy: | the more aggressive the disease |
| The most common benign tumor of a breast is called a: | fibroadenoma |
| Fibroadenomas are usually solid, round, rubbery, painless and: | move freely |
| A second type of benign tumor of a breast is called : | FCC (fibrocystic changes), AKA lumpy breasts |
| FCC usually occur in both breasts and increase in size and tenderness just prior to: | menses |
| A third type of benign breast tumor is a fluid filled: | cyst |
| Breast cysts are round, moveable, and may increase in size and become tender just prior to: | menses |
| TSS is commonly caused by proliferation of : | staph (toxic shock syndrome) |
| TSS is associated with: | tampon use |
| Signs of TSS include: | hyperthermia, rash, peeling skin, GI distress, hypotension |
| Tx for TSS includes: | fluid replacement, antibiotic therapy |
| Women who use tampons are encouraged to: | change them frequently and avoid super-absorbent |
| PMS is a group symptoms that start 1 to 2 weeks : | before menstruation and usually cease with the onset of menses |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include: | lower abdominal bloating and pain,Breast swelling and tenderness,Cephalalgia,WT gain,Acne,Insomnia,Mood swings, anxiety, MDD, irritability, hostility, crying spells, cravings, clumsiness, fatigue |
| Tx for PMS includes: | increase water intake, exercise, support groups, stress management, avoid ETOH, caffeine and sugar, OTC analgesics |
| MDD is a severe form of: | PMS |
| The signs and symptoms of PMDD are severe enough to : | interfere with work, social activities, and relationships. |
| Tx for PMDD includes: | sedatives and antidepressants. |
| Endometriosis is a condition caused by: | ectopic endometrium |
| The ectopic endometrium responds to the cyclic hormonal stimulation and can cause: | pelvic pain/bloating, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, fatigue, sterlity |
| Tx for endometriosis includes: | laparoscopic excisions of the ectopic endometrium, OCPs causing anmenorrhea |
| An EP occurs when a fertilized ovum implants in tissue other than the : | uterus |
| The most common site for an EP is a: | fallopian tube AKA tubal pregnancy |
| Causes of Eps: | salpinitis associated with STDs causing fallopian adhesion's, endometriosis |
| Signs/symptoms of an EP usually appear w/in 2 months include: | unilateral abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, vertigo, weakness/syncope, N+V |
| Tx for an EP includes: | Termination of pregnancy with methotrexate or laparoscopic salpingostomy. |
| A spontaneous abortion is AKA | a misscarriage |
| A spontaneous abortion during the first trimester is often caused by a | fetal gentic abnormality |
| A spontaneous abortion usually occurs between the: | 7th and 12th weeks of gestation (pregnancy). |
| Causes of a misscarriage include: | infection, drugs ETOH smoking and cafferine, poor nutrition, toxins, radiation |
| The surgical procedure performed to scrape the endometrium if placental tissue remains after a miscarriage is called a: | D+C |
| Toxemia is AKA: | preeclampsia |
| Preeclampsia only occurs during | pregnancy |
| The principal signs of preeclampsia include: | PIH, Albuminuria, edema, unusual WT gain |
| If seizures develop, the condition is called | eclampsia |
| Prevention for preeclampsia include: | prenantal care, proper nutrition |
| Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate commonly caused by: | e.coli or GC |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include: | urgency, frequency, dysuria, hematuria, painful ejaculation |
| Prostatitis usually responds well to | anibiotic therapy |
| BPH | nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate,Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is more common after the age of 50. |
| The enlarged prostate can frequently be palpated by: | DRE |
| The enlarged prostate squeezes the urethra and the patient will complain of: | dysuria and urinary retention |
| Untreated urinary retention can cause : | hydronephrosis |
| Tx for BPH includes: | Avodart/Flomax, cystoscopy and TURP |
| A prostatic carcinoma may be small and initially: | asymptomatic |
| Signs and symptoms of a prostatic carcinoma include: | dysuria, hematuria, anorexia and WT loss, nocturia, urinary incontinence AKA enuresis |
| The blood test to detect a predisposition for prostatic carcinoma is : | PSA |
| Prostatic carcinoma can metastasize to the: | rectums, lymph, and bone |
| A good Px depends on | early dection |
| Tx for prostatic carcinoma include: | chemo, bilateral orchiectomy, radiation and prostatectomy |
| Cryptorchidism refers to an | undescended testicle |
| Cryptorchidism can eventually cause | sterility |
| Tx for cryptorchidism includes | orchiopexy or orchiectomy |
| Impotence is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection AKA | ED |
| Causes of ED: | atherosclerosis, stress, DM, complications of prostatectomy, trauma, side effects, drug/ETOH abuse |
| Tx for ED: | Viagra, Levitra, Cialis, penile implant |
| STD AKA | STIs |
| Methods to reduce incidence of STIs include: | abstinence, monogamy, barriers |
| Chlamydia is the most common STD and the number one cause of | PID |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for women may include: | dysuria, pungent discharge, dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, abdominal pain, vaginal pruritus |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for men may include: | dysuria, balanorrhea, testis edema |
| Gonorrhea is caused by: | GC; the 2nd most common STD |
| Gonorrhea transmitted to a fetus during delivery can cause: | blindness/death |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea usually appear | 2-10 days after exposure |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for women may include: | green/yellowish discharge, abdonminal/pelvic pain, pharynigitis, dysuria |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for men may include: | green/yellow balanorrhea, dysuria, pharynigitis, testis edema |
| The primary stage of syphilis is characterized by one or more painless ulcers that appear on the penis, labia, lips, tongue, or anus called | chancers |
| A chancre will develop within a | 10-90 days after sexual contact, tx with PCN (penicillin) |
| `If primary syphilis is left untreated the secondary stage begins within : | 6 weeks to 6 months after exposure and usually lasts 1 to 3 months. |
| The secondary stage is characterized by | non prutic rash typically on palms and soles |
| The secondary stage is treatable with | PCN (penicillin) |
| The tertiary stage can occur: | years after primary infection |
| The tertiary stage occurs in approximately : | 30% of ppl infected w/syphilis |
| Complications of the tertiary stage include | heart disease, blindness, mental illness, and death. |
| Blood tests for syphilis: | VDLR, RPR, EIA |
| Genital herpes is an extremely painful chronic viral disease caused by the | HSV II |
| Symptoms of HSVII generally occur within | 3 weeks of exposure |
| Signs and symptoms of HSV II include: | multiple painful pruritic vesicles that appear on the genitalia, buttocks, and thighs, dysuria, discjarge |
| The active lesions appear when the | immune system is compromised |
| This disease is more easily transmitted when the lesions are | active |
| Outbreaks of genital herpes can be treated with | antiviral drugs (there is no cure) |
| HPV lesions commonly appear on the: | penis and scrotum in men and on the perineum in women |
| The primary symptoms of the HPV are | pruritus and pain |
| Uncircumcised men are | three times more likely to be infected with the HPV |
| A vaccine is available for these four types of the HPV called | Gardasil, approved for males and females ages 9-26 |
| Tx for HPV: | antiviral meds, electrocautery, cryosygery |
Created by:
RBarnes86
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