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Bio110 Chapter 6
Skeletal System
Question | Answer |
---|---|
The function of the skeletal system is to provide the structural _________ for the body | Support |
The Skeletal system allows ___________ by providing attachment sites for muscles | Movement |
The skeletal system provides _________ for some of the internal organs | Protection |
The name for blood formation is | Hemopoiesis |
Hemopoiesis is the name for ______ formation | Blood |
Blood is produced in the ____ bone marrow | Red |
Red bone marrow produces ______ cells | Blood |
Hemopoiesis occurs in ____ bones and in the _________ of long bones | Flat, Epiphysis |
The functions of the skeletal system are- provides framework, movement, protection, hemopoiesis and ________ storage | Calcium |
The hormones responsible for calcium level maintenance in the blood are ________ & _________ hormone | Calcitonin & Parathyroid hormone |
________ is essential for many body functions including clotting & muscle & nerve function | Calcium |
Bone tissue is made of ____________ tissue | Connective |
Bone cells are called | Osteocytes |
Bone tissue contains osteocytes & ______ | Matrix |
Osteocytes are _____ cells | Bone |
Bone tissue matrix is made of ________ salts & ________ | Calcium & collagen |
Calcium salts & collagen make up the ______ of bone tissue | matrix |
There are __ types of bone tissue | two |
The two types of bone tissue are _______ & ______ | Compact & spongy |
Another name for Compact bone is _______ bone | Cortical |
Compact bone is made up of columns called Osteons or _________ _________ | Haversian Systems |
Concentric rings surround a _________ canal | Haversian |
A haversian canal is surrounded by ___________ rings | Concentric |
Haversian canals contain ______ vessels | blood |
Osteocytes are in the spaces called | Licunae |
Osteocytes communicate via __________ | Canaliculi |
Canaliculi are how __________ communicate | Osteocytes |
Spongy bone is also called __________ bone | Cancellous |
Spongy bone is very _______ | porous |
_______ bone is very porous | Spongy |
______ bone does not have haversian systems | spongy |
Spongy bone does not have _________ systems | haversian |
___________ regulate the amount of calcium in the bone matrix | Osteocytes |
Bone ______ is made of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate | matrix |
The 4 classifications of bones are Long, ______, flat & _________ | Short, irregular |
There are __ classifications (shapes) of bones | four |
____ bones are longer than they are wide | Long |
Examples of long bones are the | Femur, humerus, tibia, ulna, radius, fibula (any of these) |
The parts of a long bone are the Diaphysis, Metaphysis, & __________ | Epiphysis |
The diaphysis is also called the | shaft |
The shaft of a long bone is called the | Diaphysis |
The ends of long bones are called the | epiphysis |
The metaphysis is between the epiphysis and the | diaphysis |
The metaphysis contains the growth plate called the _________ _____ | epiphyseal disc |
The marrow canal of a long bone is called the | Medullary |
The medullary is also known as the _______ canal | marrow |
The medullary canal contains _______ bone marrow | yellow |
Yellow bone marrow is mostly made up of _______ tissue | adipose |
_____ bones are about the same length as width | short |
Carpals and Tarsals are examples of _____ bones | short |
The skull, ribs and ilia are examples of _____ bones | flat |
Vertebrae and facial bones are examples of ________ bones | irregular |
Examples of flat bones are the _____, ____ & ilia | skull & ribs |
Examples of irregular bones are _______ & ______ bones | vertebrae & facial |
Short, flat, and irregular bones are all made of ______ bone covered with a thin layer of ______ bone | Spongy, compact |
Long bones are made of mostly ______ bone | compact |
________ cartilage covers the opposing surfaces of synovial joints | Articular |
Articular cartilage covers the opposing surfaces of ________ joints | synovial |
Articular cartilage is very ______ to reduce _______ | smooth, friction |
___________ is the fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers bone | Periosteum |
Periosteum is the fibrous connective tissue that covers _____ | Bone |
_________ fibers merge with ligaments and tendons to attach them to the bone | Periosteum |
Periosteum fibers merge with _________ and ______ to attach them to bone | Ligaments and tendons |
The ___________ of a bone contains blood vessels and nerves | periosteum |
The ___________ contains osteoblasts that become active after injury | periosteum |
The periosteum contains __________ that become active after injury | osteoblasts |
During embryonic growth, the skeleton is a template/model of _______ or _____ _________ tissue | cartilage or fibrous connective tissue |
In embryonic bone growth there are __ types of bone development | two |
The two types of embryonic bone growth are _____________ ossification & _____________ossification | intramembranous, endochondral |
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification are the two types of _________ ____ growth | embryonic bone |
Osteoblasts form bone matrix in a process called | ossification |
Epiphyseal discs close between age 16-25 under the influence of ________ or _________ | estrogen or testosterone |
__________ break down bone by resorption | Osteoclasts |
Osteoclasts break down bone by _________ | resorption |
Osteoclasts function in maintenance and _______ of bone | repair |
The condition of decreased bone matrix which causes weakness and a higher potential for fracture is called | Osteoporosis |
The skeleton has __ divisions | two |
The two divisions of the skeleton are | Axial and appendicular |
The _____ skeleton forms the axis of the body | axial |
The skull, spine and rib cages form the _____ skeleton | axial |
The _________ skeleton forms the appendages and girdles | appendicular |
The appendicular skeleton forms the _______ and ______ | appendages and girdles |
__________ are fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone | Ligaments |
Ligaments are fibrous connective tissue that connects ______ to ______ | bone to bone |
Ligaments are _______ connective tissue that connects bone to bone | fibrous |
_______ attach muscles to bone | Tendons |
Tendons attach _______ to bone | muscle |
A foramen is a ____ or ________ | hole or opening |
A hole or opening is called a ________ | foramen |
A depression or dent is called a ______ | Fossa |
A fossa is a ________ or ____ | depression or dent |
A crest is a _____ or ____ | ridge or edge |
A _____ is a ridge or edge | crest |
A meatus is a ______ or __________ | tunnel or passageway |
A ______ is a tunnel or passageway | meatus |
A process is a __________ or something that sticks out | Projection |
A _______ is a projection or something that sticks out | process |
A ____ is a flat projection | Facet |
A facet is a flat __________ | projection |
A condyle is a _________ projection | rounded |
A _____ is a rounded projection | condyle |
A plate is a flat ________ | projection |
A _____ is a flat projection | plate |
A tubercle is a _____ projection | round |
A ______ is a round projection | tubercle |
A tuberosity is a _______ projection | round |
A ________ is a round projection | tuberosity |
The skull contains _ cranial bones, 14 facial bones, 6 auditory bones, and the hyoid bone | eight |
The cranial bones surround the _______ and protect it and the eyes and ears | brain |
The _______ bones surround the brain and protect it and the eyes and ears | cranial |
The eight cranial bones are the frontal b., parietal b., temporal b., ________ b., sphenoid b., and the ethmoid b. | occipital |
The joints of the skull are called _______ | sutures |
Sutures are ____________ joints | immovable |
The coronal suture is between the ______ and _______ bones | Frontal and parietal |
The squamosal suture is between the _______ and _______ bones | parietal and temporal |
The Lambdoidal suture is between the _______ and ______ bones | Parietal and accipital |
The sagittal suture is between _______ bones | Parietal |
The mandible is the ______ ____ bone | lower jaw |
The ________ is the lower jaw bone | mandible |
The maxillae are the _____ ___ bones | upper jaw |
The ________ are the upper jaw bones | Maxillae |
The nasal bone forms the ______ of the nose | bridge |
The _____ bone forms the bridge of the nose | nasal |
The lacrimal bone forms the medial _____ of the ____ | orbit of the eye |
The ______ bone forms the medial orbit of the eye | lacrimal |
The zygomatic bones form the _____ bones of the face | cheek |
The __________ bones form the cheek bones of the face | zygomatic |
The palatine bones form the _________ part of the hard palate | posterior |
The _________ bones form the posterior part of the hard palate | palatine |
The vomer forms the lower part of the ______ ______ | nasal septum |
The ______ forms the lower part of the nasal septum | vomer |
The vertebral column is also called the ______, ______ column or backbone | spine, spinal |
The _________ _______ is also called the spine, spinal column or backbone | vertebral column |
There are _ cervical vertebrae | seven |
There are seven _______ vertebrae | cervical |
There are __ thoracic vertebrae | twelve |
There are twelve _________ vertebrae | thoracic |
There are __ lumbar vertebrae | five |
There are __ fused vertebrae in the sacrum | five |
There are _-_ fused vertebrae in the coccyx | 4-5 |
The ____ of the vertebra is the weight bearing part | body |
The ______ process of a vertebra is the posterior projection | Spinous |
The spinous process of a vertebra is the ________ projection | posterior |
The ________ processes of a vertebra are the lateral projections | Transverse |
The transverse processes of a vertebra are the _______ projections | lateral |
The normal curves of the spine curve _________ to posterior | anterior |
The curves of the cervical and lumbar spine are called | Lordosis |
The curves of the thoracic and sacral spine are called | Kyphosis |
_______ curves of the spine are NOT normal | Lateral |
Lateral curves of the spine is called _________ if greater than 15 degrees | Scoliosis |
The rib cage has __ pairs of ribs and a sternum | twelve |
The sternum has three parts, the ___________, body, and _________ process | manubrium, xiphoid |
The manubrium is the ___ part of the sternum | top |
The main part of the sternum is also called the | gladiolum |
Ribs 1-7 are called _____ ribs | true |
True ribs articulate directly with the | sternum |
Ribs 8-10 are called ______ ribs | false |
Ribs 11 & 12 are called ________ ribs | floating |
Floating ribs do not articulate with the ________ | sternum |
The shoulder girdle attaches the ___ to the axial skeleton | arm |
The shoulder girdle includes the _______ & _______ | scapula & clavicle |
The scapula is also known as the ________ _____ | shoulder blade |
The ________ fossa is the lateral depression for the head of the humerus | glenoid |
The ________ process is the attachment for bicipital tendons | Coracoid |
The ___________ process attaches to the clavicle to form the AC joint | Acromicon |
The ________ is the long bone of the upper arm | humerus |
The _______ tubercle is the attachment of the deltoid muscle to the humerus | deltoid |
The distal end of the humerus articulates with the ____ to form a hinge joint and the _____ to form a pivot joint | Ulna, radius |
The _____ articulates with the head of the radius | Capitulum |
The capitulum articulates with the head of the | radius |
The ________ articulates with the semilunar notch of the ulna | trochlea |
The trochlea articulates with the semilunar notch of the | ulna |
The olecranon process is the bump that we call our | elbow |
The _______ is the lateral of the two forearm bones | radius |
The radius bone allows for pronation and _________ of the hand | supination |
The ______ bone allows for pronation and supination of the hand | radius |
The _______ are the eight wrist bones | carpals |
The carpals of the wrist form a ______ joint | gliding |
____________ are the long bones of the hand | Metacarpals |
The carpal to thumb phalange joint is a ________ joint | saddle |
_________ are the finger bones | Phalanges |
The pelvic girdle is also known as | the pelvis |
The bones of the pelvis are the ______, ______, & _______ | pubis, ischium, & ilium |
Female pelvises are _______ than males | wider |
The ___________ is the socket for the head of the femur | acetabulum |
The ______ is the long bone of the thigh | femur |
The _______ trochanter is the lateral projection on the proximal end of the femur | greater |
The greater ________ anchors the abductors to the femur | trochanter |
The _______ trochanter is the medial projection on the proximal end of the femur | lesser |
the lesser ________ anchors the extensors and adductors to the femur | trochanter |
The patella is also know as the ________ | kneecap |
The kneecap is also known as the ________ | patella |
The _____ is the weight bearing bone of the lower leg | tibia |
The anterior crest forms the _____ _________ (ridge on the front of the leg) | tibial tuberosity |
The medial malleolus is better known as the | ankle |
The ______ is the non=weight-bearing bone of the lower leg | fibula |
The _______ are the seven ankle bones | tarsals |
The tarsals are the seven bones of the | ankle |
The proper name for the heel bone is | calcaneus |
The calcaneus is the largest ______ bone | tarsal |
The foot bones are the ____________ | metatarsals |
The metatarsals are the long ____ bones | foot |
The proper name for the big toe is the | hallux |
The hallux is the proper name for the | big/great toe |
Joints are classified based on amount of | movement |
Synarthrosis joints are ___________ joints | immobile |
Cranial and facial sutures are examples of ___________ joints | synarthrosis |
Amphiarthrosis joints are ________ ________ joints | slightly movable |
The pubic symphysis is an example of a _____________ joint | amphiarthrosis |
Diarthrosis joints are __________ ________ joints | freely movable |
Shoulder, knee and elbow joints are examples of _________ joints | Diarthrosis |
All synovial joints are __________ joints | diarthrosis |
All diarthrosis joints are _______ joints | synovial |
A ______ is a sac of synovial fluid that provides cushion in a synovial joint | bursa |
Synovial joints have a _________ membrane that lines the capsule | synovial |
Synovial membranes secrete synovial fluid to __________ & _______ the cartilage | lubricate & nourish |
_________ cartilage is on the joint surface of each bone | Hyaline |
Hyaline cartilage is on the ______ ______ of each bone | joint surface |
The type of bone that is made of osteons is ________ bones | compact |
The type of bone that is NOT made of osteons is ________ bones | spongy |
Flat and irregular bones are made primarily of ________ bone | Spongy |
The shafts of long bones are made primarily of ________ bone | compact |
Compact bone forms the ______ of a long bone | diaphysis |
Bone tissue is made of cells called _________ and the non-living part is called the ______ | osteocytes, matrix |
Bone matrix is made primarily of ________ salts & phosphorus | calcium |
New bone matrix for growth is produced by cells called | osteoblasts |
Reabsorption of bone matrix is the function of cells called | osteoclasts |
The function of osteoclasts is to reabsorb bone ______ | matrix |
Red bone marrow produces _____, _____,& _____ | RBC's, WBC's, & platelets |
All kinds of blood cells are produced in the _____ bone marrow | Red |
Yellow bone marrow found in the diaphysis of long bones is mostly ______ tissue | adipose |
The embryonic cranial bones are first made of ________ __________ tissue | fibrous connective |
Compression of a baby's head during birth is permitted by the presence of _______ between cranial bones | fontanels |
The nutrient needed to absorb calcium is | vitamin D |
Two vitamins necessary for the calcification process in growing bones are vitamin _ & _ | A & C |
Protein in the diet is needed to form the _____ in the bone matrix of a growing child | collagen |
The hormone that increases the reabsorption of calcium from bones is ___________ hormone | parathyroid |
The hormone that decreases the reabsorption of calcium from bones is | calcitonin |
The hormones that promote the closure of the epiphyseal discs are _______ & ________ | estrogen & testoterone |
The hormone that contributes to bone growth by increasing the rate of mitosis is | growth hormone |
The skull is made lighter by the presence of _______ in some of the bones | sinuses |
The heart, liver and lungs are protected from mechanical injury by the | rib cage |
The mandible and temporal bones form a ______ joint | condyloid |
Of condyloid, gliding and symphysis joints, __________ is the one that is NOT a synovial joint | symphysis |