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Chap 6 Skeletal
Bones and Accessory structures that make up the joints
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The skeletal system provides a framework for what? | Support |
| What allows movement by providing attachment sites for skeletal muscle? | Movement |
| What is it called when the skull and rib cage protects the internal organs? | Protection |
| Hemopoiesis is what? | Blood formation |
| Hemopoiesis is produced in the _________ bone marrow? | Red |
| Hemopoiesis is made from ____ cells? | Stem |
| The skeletal system provides what? | Storage |
| _______ ___________ levels are maintained by putting calcium in or removing calcium from bones? | Blood calcium |
| Bone tissue is made of what type of tissue? | Connective tissue |
| Connective tissue is made up of? | Cells and matrix |
| Osteocytes make up the? | Bone cells |
| Calcium salts and callogen make up the? | Matrix |
| The bone matrix is non-living but is constantly? | Changing |
| The two types of calcium salts were? | Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate |
| What are the two types of bone? | Compact and Spongy |
| Another name for compact bone is? | Cortical bone |
| Cortical bone is made up of? | Columns |
| The columns in cortical bone are called? | Osteons or Haversian systems |
| Concentric rings surround a? | Central/ Haversian canal |
| Haversian canals contain what? | Blood vessels |
| Osteocytes are in spaces called? | Lacunae |
| Another name for spongy bone is? | Cancellous bone |
| Spongy bone is very what? | Porous |
| Spongy bone is not arranged into? | Haversian systems |
| Spongy bone often contains _________ bone marrow? | Red |
| Red bone marrow produces what? | RBC's, platelets, 5 types of WBC's (hemopoiesis) |
| These type of bones are longer than they are wide? | Long bones |
| Examples of long bones are? | Femur, Humerus |
| The middle long part of the long bone is called? | Diaphysis |
| Another name for Diaphysis is? | Shaft |
| The shaft is a? | Hollow compact bone |
| The shaft contains a what? | Medullary cavity |
| Another name for the medullary cavity is? | Marrow canal |
| The medullary cavity contains ____________ bone marrow and mostly ____________ ______________? | Yellow bone marrow and Adipose tissue |
| The end of the long bone is called? | Epiphyses |
| The epiphyses is spongy bone covered with a __________ layer of ______________ bone? | Thin Compact |
| The ___________ is found between diaphysis and epiphysis? | Metaphysis |
| The metaphysis contains the growth plate called? | Epiphyseal discs |
| These bones are about the same length as width? | Short bones |
| Examples of short bones are? | Carpals and tarsals |
| These bones are flat? | Flat bones |
| Examples of flat bones are? | Ilia, skull and ribs |
| These bones are in irregular shapes? | Irregular bones |
| Examples of irregular bones are? | Vertebrae, facial |
| Short flat and irregular bones are all made of ___________ bone covered with a think layer of __________ bone? | Spongy and Compact |
| Hyaline cartilage that covers the opposing surfaces of synovial joints? | Articular cartilage |
| Articular cartilage is very __________ to reduce __________? | Smooth Friction |
| Fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers bone is called? | Periosteum |
| Periosteum does not cover where ____________ ____________ is? | Articular Cartilage |
| The fibers of the periosteum merge with _________ and __________ to attach them to the bone. | Ligaments and tendons |
| Periosteum contains _____ _________ and _________? | Blood vessels and nerves |
| Periosteum also contains __________ that become active after injury? | Osteoblasts |
| During embryonic growth the skeleton is a template of _______ or _______ ___________ tissue? | Cartillage or Fibrous Connective |
| The two types of bone development are? | Intramembranousossification and Endochondralossification |
| The intramembranous ossification includes the flat bones of the __________ and the ____________ __________? | Skull and Facial bones |
| 2 membranes of fibrous connective tissues are formed in which type of bone development? | Intrmembranous |
| In the 3rd month of development ______________ differentiate from ____________ that are present? | Osteoblasts and Fiberblasts |
| Osteoblasts form bone matrix in a process called? | Ossification |
| Intermembranous ossification begins at a? | Ossification center in each bone |
| The soft spot of fibrous tissue membranes still present at birth are called? | Fontanel |
| Fontanel allow for what? | Compression of the skill during birth |
| Fontanel also do what? | Permit growth |
| By what age is the fontanel ossified? | 2 |
| Endochondral ossification is where ____________ is replaced by bone from osteoblasts? | Cartilage |
| Most of the skeleton is made during which ossification? | Endochondral |
| _______ ossification centers are where bone forms first? | Primary |
| _____ ossification centers are where bone forms second? | Secondary |
| In long bones the ______ __________ is a secondary center of ossification in each opiphysis? | epiphyseal disc or growth plate |
| Cells that break down bone by resorption are called? | Osteoclasts |
| Bone begins as ____ marrow in the diaphysis but is replaced by ________ marrow after birth? | Red and yellow |
| The genetic potential for height and bone mass is? | Heredity |
| What provides building blocks? | Nutrition |
| Vit. D is required for __________ of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine? | Absorption |
| Vit. A & C are important for the protein part of the ___________? | Matrix |
| What gives bone feedback to cause it to strengthen itself? | Exercise or physical stress |
| Decreased bone matrix causing weakness and a higher potential for fracture? | Osteoporosis |
| What are 2 divisions of the skeleton? | Axial and Appendicular |
| The axial skeleton form the? | Axis of the body |
| The axis of the body includes the? | Skull, spine, thoracic (rib) cage |
| The appendicular skeleton forms the? | Appendages and girdles |
| The fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone is called? | The ligament |
| A hole or opening feature in bone is called? | Foramen |
| A depression or dent feature in bone is called? | Fossa |
| A ridge or edge feature in bone is called? | The crest |
| A tunnel or passage feature in bone is called? | Meatus |
| A projection or something that sticks out feature in bone is called? | Process |
| 2 bone features that can be flat projections are called? | Facet or Plate |
| 2 bone features that can be rounded projections are called? | Condyle or Tubercle |
| A round projection bone feature is called? | Tuberosity |
| There are how many cranial bones? | 8 |
| There are how many facial bones? | 14 |
| There are how many auditory ossicles? | 6 |
| What bones surround the brain and protect it and the eyes and ears? | Cranial bones |
| The Occipital Bone is a large hole or called the? | Foramen Magnum |
| The foramen magnum is? | A spinal cord passageway |
| 2 joint surfaces lateral to foramen magnum that articulate with the atlas and axis? | Condyles |
| What bone is shaped like a bat? | Sphenoid bone |
| The sphenoid bone contains the __________ __________ that holds the pituitary gland? | Sella Turcica |
| The vertical projection that anchors the cranial meninges? | Crista galli |
| 4 curly bones on lateral wall of nasal cavity? | Superior conchae |
| The holes that fibers from the olfactory nerves project through? | Cribiform plate |
| The joints of the skull are called? | Sutures |
| Between frontal and parietal bones? | Coronal |
| Between parietal and temporal bones? | Squamosal |
| Between parietal and occipital bones? | Lamdoidal |
| Between parietal bones? | Sagittal |
| The lower jaw is? | The mandible |
| The mandible is the only? | Movable bone |
| The paired upper jaw bones are? | Maxillae |
| The maxillae form ___________ part of hard palate and maxillary __________? | Anterior part and maxillary sinuses |
| What forms the bridge of the nose? | Nasal bones |
| The cheek bone is called? | Zygomatic bone |
| The posterior part of hard palate? | Palatine bone |
| The lover part of nasal septum? | Vomer |
| The 2 curly bones on lateral nasal cavity? | Inferior conchae |
| What is another name for Vertebral Column? | Spine, spinal column or backbone |
| There are how many cervical vertebrae? | 7 C1-C7 |
| How many Thoracic vertebrae are there? | 12 T1-T12 |
| How many Lumbar vertebrae are there? | 5 L1-L5 |
| How many sacral vertebrae are there? | 5 fused S1-S-5 |
| How many Coccygeal vertebrae are there? | 4-5 CO1-CO5 |
| C1 of the neck is called the? | Atlas |
| C2 of the neck is called the? | Axis |
| The atlas holds up the world or your? | Head |
| The axis is a _______ joint? | Pivot |
| What vertebrae articulate with ribs on the body? | Thoracic |
| The canal formed by the vertebral arches that the spinal cord passes through? | Vertebral Canal |
| Vertebrae are connected with what? | Ligaments and discs |
| The pad between bodies is called? | Fibrocartilage |
| The normal curve of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae is called? | Lordosis |
| The normal curve of the Thoracic and sacral vertebrae is called? | Kyphosis |
| Lateral curves are not normal they are called? | Scoliosis |
| The rib cage has ________ pairs of ribs? | 12 |
| The sternum includes 3 parts what are they? | Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid |
| The cartilage on the anterior aspect that attach ribs to the sternum is called? | Costal cartilage |
| How many true ribs are there? | 7 |
| Which ribs are the true ribs? | 1-7 |
| What are the true ribs true? | Because they articulate directly with the sternum. |
| How many false ribs are there? | 3 |
| Which ribs are the false ribs? | 8-10 |
| Why are the false ribs false? | The costal cartilage only combines with 1-7 |
| How many ribs are floating ribs? | 2 |
| Which ribs are floating ribs? | 11 and 12 |
| Why are floating ribs called floating ribs? | Because they do not articulate with the sternum |
| The ____ _________ attaches the upper extermity to the axial skeleton? | Shoulder girdle |
| The shoulder girdle includes the ________ and ___________? | Scapula and clavicle |
| The lateral depression for the head of the humerus is called? | Glenoid fossa |
| ______ ___________ attaches to the clavicle to form the AC joint? | Acromian process |
| The long bone in the upper are is called? | Humerus |
| Attachment of the deltoid muscle is called? | Deltoid tubercle |
| _________ articulates with the head of the radius? | Capitulum |
| The medial of the 2 forearm bones is called the? | Ulna |
| The lateral of the two forearm bones is called the? | Radius |
| The radius allows ___________ and _________ of the hand? | Pronation and supination |
| How many bones are found in the carpals? | 8 |
| The longs bones found in the hand that attach proximally to the carpals and distally to the phalanges? | Metacarpals |
| The bones of the finer are called? | Phalanges |
| There are _ phalanges found in each finger and toe? | 3 |
| There are _ phalanges found in the thumb and big toe? | 2 |
| The pelvic girdle is made of the pelvic bones called? | OS Coxae and inominate |
| The OS coxae are made of 3 bones that fuse during development called? | Ilium, ischium and pubis |
| Female pelvises are ______ than males? | Wider |
| The _________ socket forms a ball and socket joint with the head of the femur? | Acetabelum |
| The long bone of the thigh is called? | Femur |
| The lateral projection on the proximal end is called? | Greater trochanter |
| The greater trochanter anchors what? | Abductors |
| The medial projection on the proximal end is called? | Lesser trochanter |
| The lesser trochanter anchors what? | extensors and adductors |
| The weight bearing bone of the lower leg? | Tibia |
| The anterior crest forms the what? | Tibial tuberosity |
| The non weight bearing bone of the lower leg? | Fibula |
| The fibula serves as the attachment site for? | Muscles |
| The seven ankle bones are called? | Tarsals |
| The _______ articulates with the tibia? | Talus |
| The largest tarsal and also called the heal bone is the? | Calcaneus |
| The foot bones are called? | Metatarsals |
| The big toe is called the? | Halux |
| ______ are immobile and made of cranial and facial sutures? | Synarthrosis |
| ___________ are slightly movable are are made of pubic symphysis IVD's? | Amphiarthrosis |
| ________ are freely movable like the shoulder, knee, elbow and are called synovial joints? | Diarthrosis |
| The cartilage found on the joint surface of each bone? | Hyaline cartilage |
| The sacs of synovial fluid that provide cushion are called? | Bursa |
| The bursa can be found surrounding what? | Tendons and boney prominences |
| Inflammation of the bursa is called? | Bursitis |
| With age mineral loss tends to become greater than bone growth this is called? | Bone mineral loss |
| Another name for degeneration is? | Osteoarthritis |
| DJD is? | Degenerative joint disease |
| DDD is? | Degenerative disc disease |
| The growth of bone through a ligament or tendon? | Osteophytosis |
| Irritation of periosteum increases osteoblast activity this is called what? | Bony hypertrophy |
| Erosion of articular cartilage is generally found in what type of joints? | Weight bearing |
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