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The muscular system
Muscles and accessory structures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Muscles and accessory structures make up the what? | Muscular system |
| The muscular system provides ______ and _______? | Movement and Mobility |
| The muscular system produces? | Heat |
| The muscular system includes the ___________ muscles? | Skeletal |
| Muscle cells are specialized for? | Contraction |
| Fibers do what to produce movement? | Shorten |
| Each muscle is made up of thousands of individual muscle called? | Cells AKA fibers |
| Why does the brain need to recruit higher numbers of fibers? | Based on the weight of the object. or Based on the need. |
| What anchors muscle to bone and other muscles? | Tendons |
| Tendons are usually what shape? | Round |
| A flat sheet like tendon is called what? | Aponeurosis |
| Tendons are mad of what connective tissue? | Fibrous |
| What covers the muscle? | Deep fascia |
| Deep fascia merges with ____________ to anchor to bone? | Periosteum |
| Where the muscle originates is called what? | Origin |
| The origin is usually more ___________? | Stationary |
| The opposite end of the origin? | Insertion |
| What are the muscle relationships or arrangements? | Protagonist, Antagonist and Synergist |
| The primary muscle or mover that brings about the desired movement? | Protagonist |
| The muscle that does the opposite of the desired movement? | Antagonist |
| The secondary muscles that bring about the desired movement? | Synergist |
| What lobes in the brain initiate the signal to the muscle in the premotor and motor areas of the cortex? | Frontal lobes |
| What part of the brain coordinates the movements of the muscles? | Cerebellum |
| The sensation of the muscle is sensed in the __________ lobes for conscious input and the _______________ for subconscious input? | Parietal lobes and Cerebellum |
| A slight contraction of muscle that is present most of the time is called what? | Muscle tone |
| Muscle tone changes with what? | Position |
| The heat from normal muscle metabolism is called what? | Thermogenesis |
| Thermogenesis is due to what? | Decomposition and friction |
| Thermogenesis is increased with what? | Increased activity |
| What is another name for muscle sense? | Proprioception |
| The brains awareness of the position of the muscle and the joint? | Proprioception |
| Proprioception is Sensed by what ____________ receptors? | Stretch |
| Proprioception also detects changes in the ______________ of the muscle? | Length |
| What are the Energy sources for muscle contraction? | ATP, Creatine phosphate and Glycogen |
| The ATP Energy source is __________ present, but is _____________ lasting? | Already. Short |
| The secondary energy source is? | Creatine Phosphate |
| Creatine Phosphate breaks into _________ and __________ to release ___________ to make more __________? | Creatine, Phosphate, Energy, ATP |
| Creatinine is a what? | Waste product |
| Creatinine is excreted through what in the body? | The kidneys and urine |
| The most abundant energy source is what? | Glycogen |
| Glycogen is broken down into what? | Glucose |
| Glucose goes through what? | Cellular respiration |
| What carried Oxygen in the blood? | Hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin contains what which binds the oxygen? | Iron |
| What carries Oxygen in the muscle? | Myoglobin |
| Myoglobin makes the muscles what color and carries what to bind the oxygen? | Red and Iron |
| When the Oxygen need is greater than the supply is called what? | Oxygen debt |
| The deficiency of Oxygen is called what? | Hypoxia |
| Glucose is converted into what in anaerobic respiration? | Lactic acid |
| Lactic acid is converted to what in the __________? | Pyruvic acid in the Liver |
| Breathing to supply the oxygen required by the liver to detoxify lactic acid is called? | Recovery oxygen uptake |
| Breathing slows gradually after exercise so that we can? | Recover |
| The microscopic structure of the muscle is called? | Muscle fiber |
| The motor nerve ending at each muscle fiber is called the? | Neuromuscular Junction |
| The neuromuscular junction has how many fibers? | One each |
| Some of the names for the neuromuscular junction are? | Axon terminal, synaptic knob and motor end plate |
| The enlarged end of the motor neuron is the what? | Axon terminal |
| The axon terminal contains sacs of what? | Acetylcholine of ACh |
| The cell membrane of the muscle fiber is called? | Sarcolemma |
| The sarcolemma contains __________ sites for ACh? | Receptor |
| Sarcolemma also contains cholinesterase that _______________ ACh? | Deactivates |
| The junction between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber sarcolemma? | Synapse |
| Another name for synapse is? | Synaptic cleft |
| Contractile units in the muscle fiber are called what? | Sarcomere |
| Groups of sarcomeres are called what? | Myofibrils |
| The thin filaments? | Actin |
| Thin contractile proteins that interact with myosin? | Actin |
| Thicker contractile proteins are called? | Myosin |
| Thick filaments are? | Myosin |
| The protein backbone that anchors actin filaments? | Z-line |
| The Z-line forms the end boundaries of the what? | Sarcomere |
| The protein that anchors myosin to the Z-line is what? | Titin |
| The two proteins that prevent contraction when relaxed are? | Triponin and Tropomyosin |
| The ER of the muscle cell is called the? | Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
| The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores what? | Calcium ions |
| Nerve impulses cause the release of ______ from the axon terminal? | ACh |
| ACh causes___________ impulse in the sarcolemma? | Electrical |
| Actin filaments fulling against myosin filaments is called the? | Sliding filament mechanism |
| Sarcolemma at rest is? | Polarized |
| Channels that carry the action potential to the inner parts of the cell are? | Transverse tubules |
| Another name for transverse tubules is? | T Tubules |
| Resetting the actionn potential is? | Sarcolemma repolarized |
| Sliding filament mechanism is? | Contraction |
| Reducing the angle of a joing is? | Flection |
| Increasing the angle of a joint is? | Extention |
| Tilting the foot/ankle medially is? | Inversion |
| Tilting the foot/ankle laterally is? | Eversion |
| Rotating the palm up is? | Supination |
| Rotating the palm down is? | Pronation |
| Side bending is Right or Left is? | Lateral flection |
| Rotating around a joing is? | Rotation |
| Moving in a circular motion without rotation is? | Circumduction |
| Bringing a part away from the midline is? | Abduction |
| Bringing a part toward the midline is? | Adduction |
| Bringing a part toward the midling or posteriorly is? | Retraction |
| Bringing a part away from the midling or anteriorly is? | Protraction |
| Decreasing angle of ankle joint is? | Dorsiflection |
| Increasing angle of ankle joint is? | Plantar flection |
| During polarization the outside of the Sarcolemma has a __________ charge relative to the inside? | Positive + |
| During polarization the inside of the sarcolemma is said to have a _____ charge? | Negative - |
| __________ ions are more abundant outside the cell of the polarized sarcolemma? | Sodium Na+ |
| ___________ ions are more abundant inside the cell of the polarized sarcolemma? | Potassium K+ |
| What is the purpose of the sodium pump? | Transfers the soduim back out |
| What is the purpose of the potassium pump? | Transfers the potassium back in |
| Both of the pumps are what? | Active transport mechanisms |
| The active transport mechnisms require what? | ATP |
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