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NWHSU Histo 1 exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the term for a storage of charge across a membrane | capacitance |
| what is the difference of charge on the inside of a membrane | -70mv |
| what are 5 characteristics of a bilipid layer | 1.thin membrane 2.semipermeability 3.allows protein to float around (fluid mosaic) 4.membrane proteins control what comes in, and goes out or the cell 5. gycocalyx |
| what is the function of the glycocalyx | adhesion and communication |
| give 2 examples of organelles with double unit membranes | nucleus, mitochondria |
| give 3 examples of organelles with a single unit membrane | rER, sER, and lysosomes |
| what is caused by a decrease in myelenation of axons | Multiple sclerosis |
| why does the cell membrane need to be thin | to let necessary chemicals in/out of the cell |
| what is the purpose of cell wall thickening | protection |
| Compare and contrast: Mitochondrion vs. nucleus | 1. both have double unit membrane 2.Mitochondria makes ATP, Nucleus is the control center of the cell |
| compare and contrast: centrioles vs. microtubules | 1.centrioles are organelles and microtubules are modification of the membrane 2. both are involved in forming mitotic spindles 3.both are non-membrane bound 4. centrioles -> basal bodies to anchor microtubules |
| compare and contrast : microvilli vs cilia | 1. both are extensions of the membrane 2.cilia are long and microvilli are short 3.cilia are movement, microvilli are absorption 4. cilia have 9 doublets and 2 singlets |
| compare and contrast: microtubules vs microfilaments | 1.both are non-membrane bound 2.microtubules are hollow, microfilaments are solid 3.microtubules are the core of cilia, microfilaments are core of microvilli 4.microtubules are bigger than microfilaments |
| compare and contrast: ribosomes vs. nucleolus | ribosomes (rER) translate proteins for export, nucleolus synthesizes ribosomes 2.both are non-membrane bound 3.ribosomes come from nucleolus |
| compare and contrast centrioles vs cilia | 1.centrioles are organelles, cilia are not 2. centrioles have 9 triplets, cilia have 9 doublets plus 2 3. both have microtubules 4. cilia=movement. centrioles= organize cell division |
| compare and contrast: golgi vs. rER | 1. golgi has double membrane, rER has a single 2.golgi is responsible for packaging and sorting (glycosylation), rER transports protein components to golgi. 3.rER is a site of translation |
| 2 types of epithelium that act as a primary line of defense | 1.stratified 2.keratinized epithelium |
| epithelium associated with absorption | 1.simple epithelia 2.microvilli |
| epithelium associated with secretion | glandular epithelium |
| epithelium associated with diffusion of gases | simple squamous epithelium |
| epithelium lining small intestine | simple columnar with microvilli and goblet cells |
| epithelium associated with respiratory tissue | pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells |
| epithelium lining A/V and capillaries, as well as sweat glands | stratified cuboidal epithelium |
| epithelium making up the epidermis | stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium |
| epithelium of the esophagus | stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium |
| compare and contrast : terminal Bar vs Terminal Web | 1. tb is part of membrane, tw is part of cytoplasm 2.tw anchors filaments that affect mifrovilli (actin and myosin) tb is a junction between adjacent absorptive cells 3.cilia cant have tw, ciliated cells can have TB 4.Both involve secretion and absorpt |
| features of Pseudostratified epithelia | 1.NO TW 2.Basal bodies anchor cilia 3.lymphocytes present (respiratory tract) 4.cila and goblet cell 5.all cells contact BM, not all contact free surface |
| gap junctions vs. tight junctions | 1. tight junctions seal adjacent epithelial cells. 2. gap junction are intercellular channels, permit free passage between the cells |
| glands that have ducts to carry secretions to specific locations | exocrine |
| 2 examples of exocrine glands | 1. salivary glands 2. pancreas |
| features of an exocrine gland | 1. directly connected to apical part of epithelium 2. can be branched/nonbranched |
| glands of "internal secretion" that secrete directly to the bloodx | Endocrine |
| 2 examples of endocrine glands | pituitary gland and thyroid |
| only dissolved materials are secreted | merocrine gland |
| pieces/chunks of cells get pinched off in the secretion | apocrine glands |
| entire cells are secreted | Holocrine glands |
| T or F epithelia typically possess cells tightly joined to one another | T |
| T or F epithelia typically has abundant intercellular space | F |
| T or F epithelia typically are able to reproduce themselves | T |
| T or F epithelia typically provides support for other tissues or organs | T |
| T or F epithelia typically can be involved in absorption of material | T |
| T or F epithelium is a tissue that participates in the exchange of all materials that enter or leave the body | T |
| T or F epithelium is a tissue that lines cavities as well as covers external surfaces | T |
| T or F epithelium is a tissue thatmay form very small tubes which carry blood called capillaries | T |
| T or F epithelium is a tissue that may exhibit polarity of organelles | T |
| T or F epithelium is a tissue that is vascularized | F |
| T or F transitional epithelium is pseudostratified | F |
| T or F transitional epithelium is ciliated | F |
| T or F transitional epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium | F |
| T or F transitional epithelium is stratified with some surface cells that are larger, multinucleated, and more rounded tthan those of the underlying layer | T |
| T or F transitional epithelium is found in the gallbladder | F |
| T or F basement membrane is found under the basal later of all epithelia | T |
| T or F basement membrane separates epithelia from underlying CT | T |
| T or F basement membrane is believed to be secreted in part by epithelial cells | T |
| T or F basement membrane contains non-fibrous collagen | T |
| T or F basement membrane contains Positive glycoproteins | T |
| T or F exocrine glands may be classified as having either branched or unbranched duct system | T |
| T or F exocrine glands secrete into the blood vascular system | F |
| T or F exocrine glands secrete via ducts into the external environment | T |
| T or F exocrine glands are derived from epithelium | T |
| T or F exocrine glands may possess either serous or mucous cell types | T |
| Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, both or neither have membrane bound organelles | Both |
| Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, both or neither contain DNA components | mitochondria |
| Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, both or neither involved in translation of mRNA | mitochondria |
| Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, both or neither, involved in the transport of protein components in the cell | endoplasmic reticulum |
| Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, both or neither, contain enzymes for the production of ATP | Mitochondria |
| Inner compartment of mitochondria, outer compartment of mitochondria, cytoplasm or none: contain the matrix of the mitochondria | inner compartment |
| Inner compartment of mitochondria, outer compartment of mitochondria, cytoplasm or none: F1 particles face into this | inner compartment |
| Inner compartment of mitochondria, outer compartment of mitochondria, cytoplasm or none: between inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria | outer compartment |
| Inner compartment of mitochondria, outer compartment of mitochondria, cytoplasm or none: contain ribosomes | inner compartment or cytoplasm |
| Inner compartment of mitochondria, outer compartment of mitochondria, cytoplasm or none: contain enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation | inner compartment |
| cellular absorption | endocytosis |
| cellular excretion/secretion | exocytosis |
| cellular absorption of particulates | phagocytosis |
| cellular absorption of soluble ions w/h20 | pinocytosis |
| the process in which cells use energy to make a product by digestion | secretion |
| the process in which cells use energy to filter and condense wast products | excretion |
| types of cells that can change AP | muscle cells and neurons |
| electrical difference between the inside and outside of the membrane | Resting potential |
| two types of gated ion channels | voltage, chemical |
| the ability to respond to the environment | irritability |
| ability to modify the resting membrane potential | conductivity |
| ability to change cellular shape | contractility |
| functions involving the cell membrane | absorption, secretion, excretion |
| growth by adding to the outside of tissue | appositional |
| growth from within a tissue | interstitial growth |
| specialized cell is becoming less special | metaplasia |
| cellular growth increasing in size | hypertrophy |
| cellular growth increasing in number | hyperplasia |
| glycolysis occurs in the _______ | cytoplasm |
| Krebs cycle occurs in the _______ | mitochondria |
| electron transport chain occurs in the ______ | cristae |
| all cells must do what 2 funtions | growth and respiration |
| ability to use raw materials to make energy | Respiration |
| in phospholipids, 1 side chain must me______ | saturated |
| a protein that is partially through the membrame | Associated |
| a protein that is entirely through the membrane | integral |
| nuclear pores let out _____ but not___ | mRNA, DNA |
| nucleous type that has more protein synthesis | leptochromatic |
| nucleous type that has less protein synthesis | pachycromatic |
| leptochromatic nuclei have what 4 characteristics | euchromatin nucleolus rER golgi |
| pachychromatic nuclei have what characteristics | heterochromatin few organelles |
| bits of rRNA come together to make what enzyme system | ribosome |
| responsible for translation of the mRNA | ribosomes |
| transcription takes place in the ______ | nucleous |
| translation takes place in the ______ | cytoplasm |
| layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial | 1. stratum basale 2. stratum spinosum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum lucidum 5. stratum corneum |
| Layers of skin | 1.epidermis 2.dermis 3.subcutaneous |
| Specialized squasmous cells that are part of the stratum basale | Keratinocytes |
| Specialized cells of the stratum basale, neural crest derivatives | Melanocytes |
| What type of tissue makes up the epidermis | Stratified squamous keratinizing |
| Type of tissue composing the dermis | Dense irregular CT |
| Type of tissue composing the subcutaneous layer | Adipose |
| Cells of the stratum basale that are sensory receptors | Merkel disc |
| Cells of the stratum spinosum, react to environmental irritation | Langerhons cells |
| How many layers are in the stratum basale | 1 |
| How many layers are in the stratum granulosum | 3-5 |
| Layer in which cells have released their keratin and have died and are stacking uo | Stratum corneum |
| Make Tight junctions between cells | Desmosomes |
| 6 layers of epidermis | 1. Stratum basale 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum corneum 6. Stratum disjunction |
| Epithelium is named by what | Outer most layer of cells |
| The term for a cell that is found only one place | Pathognomonic |
| Function of umbrella cells | Change shape with pressure |
| 3 types of permanent junctions | Zonule Fascia Macula |
| Junction spanning entire cell like a belt -2 levels of tightness | Zonula |
| A characteristic label of a junction that is zipper like, very tight, impermeable | Occludens |
| A characteristic label of a junction that tightens as it is pulled apart | Adherens |
| 3 junctions making up terminal bar | ZO ZA MA |
| A junction that is "strip" like | Fascia |
| Spot junction | Macula (desmosomes) |
| Non-pemanent, communicating junctions | Gap junction |
| Produce of endocrine gland | Hormone |
| Merocrine glands have a function that resemble what cellular function | Exocytosis |
| Top of cell membrane is part of the secretion from what type of gland | Apocrine gland |
| Type of secretion where whole cell is the secretion | Holocrine |
| Non-branched exocrine gland | Simple |
| Branched exocrine gland | Compound |
| What type of glsnds are associated with leptochromatic nucleus | Serous |
| What type of glands are associated with pachychromatic nucleus | Mucous |
| Mixed glands are known as | Serous demilunes |
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