NWHSU Histo 1 exam 1
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| What is the term for a storage of charge across a membrane | capacitance
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| what is the difference of charge on the inside of a membrane | -70mv
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| what are 5 characteristics of a bilipid layer | 1.thin membrane
2.semipermeability
3.allows protein to float around (fluid mosaic)
4.membrane proteins control what comes in, and goes out or the cell
5. gycocalyx
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| what is the function of the glycocalyx | adhesion and communication
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| give 2 examples of organelles with double unit membranes | nucleus, mitochondria
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| give 3 examples of organelles with a single unit membrane | rER, sER, and lysosomes
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| what is caused by a decrease in myelenation of axons | Multiple sclerosis
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| why does the cell membrane need to be thin | to let necessary chemicals in/out of the cell
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| what is the purpose of cell wall thickening | protection
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| Compare and contrast: Mitochondrion vs. nucleus | 1. both have double unit membrane
2.Mitochondria makes ATP, Nucleus is the control center of the cell
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| compare and contrast: centrioles vs. microtubules | 1.centrioles are organelles and microtubules are modification of the membrane
2. both are involved in forming mitotic spindles
3.both are non-membrane bound
4. centrioles -> basal bodies to anchor microtubules
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| compare and contrast : microvilli vs cilia | 1. both are extensions of the membrane
2.cilia are long and microvilli are short
3.cilia are movement, microvilli are absorption
4. cilia have 9 doublets and 2 singlets
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| compare and contrast: microtubules vs microfilaments | 1.both are non-membrane bound
2.microtubules are hollow, microfilaments are solid
3.microtubules are the core of cilia, microfilaments are core of microvilli
4.microtubules are bigger than microfilaments
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| compare and contrast: ribosomes vs. nucleolus | ribosomes (rER) translate proteins for export, nucleolus synthesizes ribosomes
2.both are non-membrane bound
3.ribosomes come from nucleolus
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| compare and contrast centrioles vs cilia | 1.centrioles are organelles, cilia are not
2. centrioles have 9 triplets, cilia have 9 doublets plus 2
3. both have microtubules
4. cilia=movement. centrioles= organize cell division
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| compare and contrast: golgi vs. rER | 1. golgi has double membrane, rER has a single
2.golgi is responsible for packaging and sorting (glycosylation), rER transports protein components to golgi.
3.rER is a site of translation
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| 2 types of epithelium that act as a primary line of defense | 1.stratified
2.keratinized epithelium
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| epithelium associated with absorption | 1.simple epithelia
2.microvilli
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| epithelium associated with secretion | glandular epithelium
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| epithelium associated with diffusion of gases | simple squamous epithelium
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| epithelium lining small intestine | simple columnar with microvilli and goblet cells
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| epithelium associated with respiratory tissue | pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells
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| epithelium lining A/V and capillaries, as well as sweat glands | stratified cuboidal epithelium
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| epithelium making up the epidermis | stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium
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| epithelium of the esophagus | stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium
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| compare and contrast : terminal Bar vs Terminal Web | 1. tb is part of membrane, tw is part of cytoplasm
2.tw anchors filaments that affect mifrovilli (actin and myosin) tb is a junction between adjacent absorptive cells
3.cilia cant have tw, ciliated cells can have TB
4.Both involve secretion and absorpt
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| features of Pseudostratified epithelia | 1.NO TW
2.Basal bodies anchor cilia
3.lymphocytes present (respiratory tract)
4.cila and goblet cell
5.all cells contact BM, not all contact free surface
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| gap junctions vs. tight junctions | 1. tight junctions seal adjacent epithelial cells.
2. gap junction are intercellular channels, permit free passage between the cells
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| glands that have ducts to carry secretions to specific locations | exocrine
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| 2 examples of exocrine glands | 1. salivary glands
2. pancreas
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| features of an exocrine gland | 1. directly connected to apical part of epithelium
2. can be branched/nonbranched
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| glands of "internal secretion" that secrete directly to the bloodx | Endocrine
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| 2 examples of endocrine glands | pituitary gland and thyroid
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| only dissolved materials are secreted | merocrine gland
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| pieces/chunks of cells get pinched off in the secretion | apocrine glands
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| entire cells are secreted | Holocrine glands
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| T or F epithelia typically possess cells tightly joined to one another | T
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| T or F epithelia typically has abundant intercellular space | F
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| T or F epithelia typically are able to reproduce themselves | T
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| T or F epithelia typically provides support for other tissues or organs | T
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| T or F epithelia typically can be involved in absorption of material | T
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| T or F epithelium is a tissue that participates in the exchange of all materials that enter or leave the body | T
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| T or F epithelium is a tissue that lines cavities as well as covers external surfaces | T
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| T or F epithelium is a tissue thatmay form very small tubes which carry blood called capillaries | T
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| T or F epithelium is a tissue that may exhibit polarity of organelles | T
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| T or F epithelium is a tissue that is vascularized | F
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| T or F transitional epithelium is pseudostratified | F
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| T or F transitional epithelium is ciliated | F
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| T or F transitional epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium | F
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| T or F transitional epithelium is stratified with some surface cells that are larger, multinucleated, and more rounded tthan those of the underlying layer | T
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| T or F transitional epithelium is found in the gallbladder | F
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| T or F basement membrane is found under the basal later of all epithelia | T
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| T or F basement membrane separates epithelia from underlying CT | T
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| T or F basement membrane is believed to be secreted in part by epithelial cells | T
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| T or F basement membrane contains non-fibrous collagen | T
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| T or F basement membrane contains Positive glycoproteins | T
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| T or F exocrine glands may be classified as having either branched or unbranched duct system | T
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| T or F exocrine glands secrete into the blood vascular system | F
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| T or F exocrine glands secrete via ducts into the external environment | T
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| T or F exocrine glands are derived from epithelium | T
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| T or F exocrine glands may possess either serous or mucous cell types | T
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| Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, both or neither have membrane bound organelles | Both
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| Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, both or neither contain DNA components | mitochondria
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| Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, both or neither involved in translation of mRNA | mitochondria
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| Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, both or neither, involved in the transport of protein components in the cell | endoplasmic reticulum
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| Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, both or neither, contain enzymes for the production of ATP | Mitochondria
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| Inner compartment of mitochondria, outer compartment of mitochondria, cytoplasm or none: contain the matrix of the mitochondria | inner compartment
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| Inner compartment of mitochondria, outer compartment of mitochondria, cytoplasm or none: F1 particles face into this | inner compartment
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| Inner compartment of mitochondria, outer compartment of mitochondria, cytoplasm or none: between inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria | outer compartment
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| Inner compartment of mitochondria, outer compartment of mitochondria, cytoplasm or none: contain ribosomes | inner compartment or cytoplasm
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| Inner compartment of mitochondria, outer compartment of mitochondria, cytoplasm or none: contain enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation | inner compartment
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| cellular absorption | endocytosis
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| cellular excretion/secretion | exocytosis
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| cellular absorption of particulates | phagocytosis
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| cellular absorption of soluble ions w/h20 | pinocytosis
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| the process in which cells use energy to make a product by digestion | secretion
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| the process in which cells use energy to filter and condense wast products | excretion
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| types of cells that can change AP | muscle cells and neurons
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| electrical difference between the inside and outside of the membrane | Resting potential
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| two types of gated ion channels | voltage, chemical
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| the ability to respond to the environment | irritability
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| ability to modify the resting membrane potential | conductivity
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| ability to change cellular shape | contractility
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| functions involving the cell membrane | absorption, secretion, excretion
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| growth by adding to the outside of tissue | appositional
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| growth from within a tissue | interstitial growth
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| specialized cell is becoming less special | metaplasia
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| cellular growth increasing in size | hypertrophy
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| cellular growth increasing in number | hyperplasia
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| glycolysis occurs in the _______ | cytoplasm
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| Krebs cycle occurs in the _______ | mitochondria
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| electron transport chain occurs in the ______ | cristae
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| all cells must do what 2 funtions | growth and respiration
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| ability to use raw materials to make energy | Respiration
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| in phospholipids, 1 side chain must me______ | saturated
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| a protein that is partially through the membrame | Associated
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| a protein that is entirely through the membrane | integral
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| nuclear pores let out _____ but not___ | mRNA, DNA
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| nucleous type that has more protein synthesis | leptochromatic
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| nucleous type that has less protein synthesis | pachycromatic
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| leptochromatic nuclei have what 4 characteristics | euchromatin
nucleolus
rER
golgi
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| pachychromatic nuclei have what characteristics | heterochromatin
few organelles
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| bits of rRNA come together to make what enzyme system | ribosome
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| responsible for translation of the mRNA | ribosomes
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| transcription takes place in the ______ | nucleous
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| translation takes place in the ______ | cytoplasm
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| layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial | 1. stratum basale
2. stratum spinosum
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum lucidum
5. stratum corneum
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| Layers of skin | 1.epidermis
2.dermis
3.subcutaneous
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| Specialized squasmous cells that are part of the stratum basale | Keratinocytes
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| Specialized cells of the stratum basale, neural crest derivatives | Melanocytes
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| What type of tissue makes up the epidermis | Stratified squamous keratinizing
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| Type of tissue composing the dermis | Dense irregular CT
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| Type of tissue composing the subcutaneous layer | Adipose
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| Cells of the stratum basale that are sensory receptors | Merkel disc
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| Cells of the stratum spinosum, react to environmental irritation | Langerhons cells
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| How many layers are in the stratum basale | 1
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| How many layers are in the stratum granulosum | 3-5
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| Layer in which cells have released their keratin and have died and are stacking uo | Stratum corneum
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| Make Tight junctions between cells | Desmosomes
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| 6 layers of epidermis | 1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum
6. Stratum disjunction
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| Epithelium is named by what | Outer most layer of cells
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| The term for a cell that is found only one place | Pathognomonic
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| Function of umbrella cells | Change shape with pressure
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| 3 types of permanent junctions | Zonule
Fascia
Macula
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| Junction spanning entire cell like a belt -2 levels of tightness | Zonula
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| A characteristic label of a junction that is zipper like, very tight, impermeable | Occludens
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| A characteristic label of a junction that tightens as it is pulled apart | Adherens
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| 3 junctions making up terminal bar | ZO
ZA
MA
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| A junction that is "strip" like | Fascia
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| Spot junction | Macula (desmosomes)
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| Non-pemanent, communicating junctions | Gap junction
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| Produce of endocrine gland | Hormone
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| Merocrine glands have a function that resemble what cellular function | Exocytosis
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| Top of cell membrane is part of the secretion from what type of gland | Apocrine gland
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| Type of secretion where whole cell is the secretion | Holocrine
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| Non-branched exocrine gland | Simple
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| Branched exocrine gland | Compound
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| What type of glsnds are associated with leptochromatic nucleus | Serous
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| What type of glands are associated with pachychromatic nucleus | Mucous
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| Mixed glands are known as | Serous demilunes
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