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Chapter 5 Integument
Integumentary System and its Functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The integumentary system includes structures that we can see. What are they? | Skin, hair, and nails. |
| What are the structures that we cannot see that are included with the integumentary system? | Sweat glands, sensory receptors and subcutaneous tissue. |
| The integumentary system covers the body and is a barrier between the external and internal? | Environment of the body |
| The skin is made of several different tissue types and is considered a what? | An organ |
| The two major layers of the skin are? | The Epidermis and the dermis |
| Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelial tissue is which layer of the skin? | Epidermis |
| The epidermis is thickest on what parts of the body? | Palms of the hands and soles of the feet |
| The cells of the epidermis that are most abundant are the? | Keratinocytes |
| The innermost layer of the epidermis is the? | Stratum germinativum |
| The outermost layer of the epidermis is the? | Stratum corneum |
| What is another name for stratum germinativum? | Stratum basale |
| To germinate means to what? | Sprout or grow |
| Basal means the what? | Base or lowest part |
| The innermost layer of the epidermis is where what takes place? | Mitosis |
| New cells are continually being produced pushing the older ones toward what? | The surface |
| These new cells are producing what protein? | Keratin |
| As the cells get farther away from the capillaries in the dermis they do what? | They die |
| As the dead cells are worn off the surface they are replaced with cells from where? | Lower layers |
| Receptors for the sense of touch are called? | Merkel cells |
| What is another name for merkel cells? | Merkel discs |
| Keratinocytes synthesize antimicrobial peptides called what? | Defensins |
| Defensins and other chemicals are produced following a what? | Injury to the skin |
| Cholesterol when exposed to UV light is changed to what vitamin? | Vitamin D |
| What is the best way to get Vitamin D? | Through sunlight exposure |
| Vitamin D is important for the absorption of what? | Calcium and Phosphorus |
| Calcium and phosphorus is absorbed through what area of the body? | From food through the small intestine |
| The outermost layer that consists of many layers of dead cells is called? | Stratum corneum |
| What protein is left in the dead cells in the stratum corneum? | Keratin |
| What layer of the skin is a barrier to pathogens and chemicals? | Stratum corneum |
| The flaking of dead cells from the skin surface helps remove what? | Microorganisms |
| The fatty acids in what help inhibit the growth of microorganisms? | Sebum |
| When layers of the epidermis or epidermis and dermis are separated and tissue fluid collects what is this called? | A blister |
| When the rate of mitosis in the stratum germinativum increases and creates a thicker epidermis what is this called? | A callus |
| Where are calluses more commonly found? | Palms and Soles of feet |
| The cells that originate in the red bone marrow and are quite mobile are called? | Langerhans cells |
| What is another name for Langerhans cells? | Dendritic cells |
| Langerhans cells migrate pathogens to lymph nodes and present the pathogen to what for destruction? | Lymphocytes |
| The production of antibodies is called what? | An immune response |
| Antibodies are proteins that label foreign material for what? | Destruction |
| The skin an important component of the body's what? | Protective responses |
| A cell found in the lower epidermis is called? | Melanocytes |
| The melanocytes produce a pigment called what? | Melanin |
| Melanin production is increased by exposure of the skin to what? | Ultraviolet rays |
| Ultraviolet rays are damaging to what type of cells? | Living cells |
| As melanin is produced it is taken in by what type of cells? | Epidermal cells |
| Light skin does not have a natural what to UV light? | Barrier |
| Melanin also gives color to what? | The hair on the head and two parts of the eye |
| The what is made up of an irregular type of fibrous connective tissue? | Dermis |
| Irregular fibrous connective tissue means that the fibers are not? | Parallel, but run in all directions |
| Fibroblasts produce what? | collagen and elastin fibers |
| Collagen fibers are? | Strong |
| Elastin fibers are? | Able to recoil after being stretched |
| Strength and elasticity are two characteristics of the? | Dermis |
| The uneven junction of the dermis with the epidermis is called the what? | Papillary layer |
| What are abundant in the papillary layer to nourish the dermis and stratum germinativum? | Capillaries |
| Because the epidermis has no capillaries those cells depend on the blood supply from the dermis for what? | Oxygen and nutrients |
| Within the dermis are the accessory skin structures what are these? | The hair and nail follicles, sensory receptors and several types of glands |
| Hair follicles are made of what type of tissue? | Epidermal tissue |
| What is at the base of the hair follicle? | Hair root |
| The hair root contains what cells? | Matrix |
| In the matrix of the hair is where what takes place? | Mitosis |
| New cells of the hair produce what protein? | Keratin |
| The hair gets its color from what? | Melanin |
| When the cells of the hair die they become part of what? | The hair shaft |
| Eyelashes and Eyebrows help to keep what out? | Dust and sweat |
| The hair on the head provides what from the cold? | Insulation |
| Attached to each hair follicle on the body is a small smooth muscle called a? | Pilomotor |
| Another name for the Pilomotor muscle is | Arrector Pili muscle |
| The Pilomotor muscle will do what with the hair follicle on your body when stimulated by cold or emotions? | Pull the hair follicles upright |
| What follicle is found on the end of fingers and toes? | Nail follicles |
| What takes place in the nail root at the base of the nail? | Mitosis |
| A stronger form of a protein than found in hair is produced in the nail cells what is this called? | Keratin |
| The nail itself consists of what? | Keratinized dead cells |
| The flat nail bed is living what? | Epidermis and dermis |
| Nails protects the ends of the fingers and toes from what? | Mechanical injury |
| Most sensory receptors for the cutaneous senses are found in the? | Dermis |
| The cutaneous senses are? | Touch, pressure, heat, cold, itch, and pain |
| For heat, cold, itch and pain the receptors are? | Free nerve endings |
| For touch and pressure the receptors are? | Encapsulated nerve endings |
| Encapsulated nerve endings means that there is a cellular structure around the what? | Sensory nerve ending |
| What is the purpose of these receptors and sensations? | Provide the central nervous system with information about the external environment and its effect on the skin |
| The sensitivity of an area of skin is determined how? | By how many receptors are present |
| When receptors detect changes they generate nerve impulses that are carried to? | The brain |
| The brain interprets the impulses as a what? | Particular sensation |
| The ducts of sebaceous glands open into what? | Hair follicles and the skin surface |
| The secretion of the sebaceous glands is? | Sebum |
| Sebum is commonly referred to as what? | Oil |
| Sebum inhibits the growth of what on the skin? | Bacteria |
| Another function of sebum is to prevent what? | The drying of skin and hair |
| Ceruminous glands are found in the dermis of the what? | Ear canal |
| The secretion of the ceruminous glands is called what? | Cerumen |
| Another name for cerumen is? | Ear wax |
| Cerumen keeps the outer surface of the eardrum what? | Pliable and prevents drying |
| What are the two types of sweat glands? | Apocrine and Eccrine |
| These glands are most active in stressful and emotional situations which are they? | Apocrine glands |
| These glands are found all over the body and is most active during exercise or in a warm environment which are they? | Eccrine glands |
| The loss of to much body water in sweat may lead to what? | Dehydration |
| Small arteries that have smooth muscle that allows them to constrict or dilate are called what? | Arterioles |
| Arterioles are important in the maintenance of body temperature because blood carries heat which is a form of what? | Energy |
| In a warm environment the arterioles will dilate this is called what? | Vasodilation |
| Vasodilation increases what? | Blood flow |
| In a cold environment the areterioles will constrict this is called what? | Vasoconstriction |
| Vasoconstriction decreases what? | Blood flow |
| Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction is essential for maintaining what? | Homeostasis |
| When blood flow in the dermis may be interrupted by prolonged pressure on the skin is called what? | Decubitus ulcer |
| Another name for dububitus ulcer is a? | Pressure sore |
| Without the blood supply to the skin what will happen to it after a prolonged amount of time? | The skin will die |
| When the skin dies it is a potential site for a what? | Bacterial infection |
| Subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia connects what to what? | The dermis to the underlying muscles |
| Superficial fascia is made of what tissues? | Areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue |
| What cells produce histamine, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that help bring about inflammation? | Mast cells |
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