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Nervous system 12-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors | Sensation; preception |
| What does sensation require? | Stimulus;receptor; conduction of action potential to CNS; translation of action potential; processing of action potential in the CNS |
| The reduction in sensitivity to a constant stimulus; after exposure to a stimulus for a time, the response of some receptors or sensory pathways to a certain stimulus strength lessens | Adaptation |
| The ability to perceive stimuli. | sense |
| The means by which the brain receives information about the environment and the body. | The Senses |
| Senses are divided into two basic groups | General senses; special senses |
| General senses | Somatic senses; visceral senses |
| Special senses | smell; taste; sight; hearing; balance |
| Senses distributed over a large part of the body. | General senses |
| touch, pressure, proprioception, temperature and pain | somatic senses (under general senses) |
| pain and pressure senses | visceral senses (under general senses) |
| senses that are localized to specific organs | special senses |
| respond to mechanical stimuli (compression, bending or stretching of receptors) | Mechanoreceptors |
| Respond to chemicals(ie. odor molecules, H+ | chemoreceptors |
| respond to light | photoreceptors |
| respond to temperature changes | thermoreceptors |
| respond to painful mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli | nociceptors (pain receptors) |
| sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing action potentials | sensory receptors |
| simplest and most common type of receptor. Detect pain, temperature, itch, and movement(proprioception) | Free nerve endings |
| names of touch receptors: | merkel disks; hair follicle receptors; Meissner corpuscles; Ruffini end organs; Pacini corpuscles |
| Awareness of body position and movements. | proprioceptors |
| small superficial nerve endings; respond to light touch and superficial pressure | Merkel disks |
| Wrap around the hair follicle;involved in the sensation of light touch when the hair is bent. | Hair follicle receptors |
| located deep to the epidermis; responsible for two-point discriminative touch | Meissner corpuscles |
| located in the dermis; involved in continuous touch or pressure | Ruffini end organs |
| located in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue; detect deep pressure and vibration; in joints, they serve a proprioceptive function | Pacini corpuscles |
| Major sensory receptors for Proprioception: | Muscle spindles; Golgi tendon organs; Pacini corpuscles; Free nerve endings |
| What provides information about the precise position of body parts; rate of movement of various body parts; weight of an object being held in the hand; range of movement of a joint? | sensory receptors for proprioception |
| have highly localized receptors that provide specific information about the environment. | special senses |
| Interaction of chemicals with sensory receptors | Smell and taste |
| Interaction of light with sensory receptors | sight |
| interaction of mechanical stimulation with sensory receptors | hearing and balance |
| Sense of Smell; response to airborne molecules, called odorants, entering the nasal cavity. | Olfaction |
| 7 primary odors: | Camphoraceous(moth balls); Musky; Floral; Pepperminty; Ethereal(fresh pears); Pungent; Putrid |
| Olfactory neurons have very low thresholds and _________ rapidly. | accommodate |
| Olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium are __________neurons. | bipolar |
| Distal ends of olfactory neurons have: | olfactory hairs |
| ______ _______ have receptors that respond to dissolved substances--approximately 1000 different odorant receptors. | Olfactory hairs |
| What results in ion channels opening and depolarizing in olfactory Epithelium? | Receptors activating G proteins |
| Olfactory neurons are ______ and ____ on a regular basis. | lost; replaced |
| Lost olfactory cells are replaced by __________ ___________. | basal cells |
| Axons from the olfactory neurons extend as _________ _________ to the _________ _________, where they synapse with interneurons. | olfactory nerves; olfactory bulb |
| Axons from interneurons form the _______ ______, which connect to the olfactory cortex. | olfactory tracts |
| Olfactory cortex is part of the: | limbic system |
| Olfactory bulbs and cortex _________ to odors. | accommodate |
| Sensory structures that detect taste are: | taste buds |
| Most taste buds are located in the epithelium of: | papillae |
| Taste buds are found on the: | tongue; palate; lips; throat |
| How many types of papillae are there? | 4 |
| How many of the papillae contain taste buds? | 3 |
| Does the most numerous papillae have taste buds? | no |
| What gives the tongue its roughness | the papillae with no taste buds |
| What do taste buds consist of? | taste cells; basilar cells; supporting cells |
| have taste hairs that extend into taste pores: | taste cells |
| Cells of taste buds are replaced: | 10 days |
| receptors on the taste hairs detect _________ __________? | dissolved substances |
| What are the 5 basic types of taste? | Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, Umami |
| Gives Salty taste: | sodium ions |
| Gives sour taste: | Acids |
| Gives sweet taste: | sugars, some other carbohydrates, and some proteins |
| Gives bitter taste: | Alkaloids (bases) |
| Elicited by the amino acid glutamate and related compounds? | Umami taste |
| All taste buds can sense the _______ primary taste by tend to be most sensitive to _________. | 5; 1 |
| Sensitivity to ________substance is the highest (poisons) | bitter |
| Taste is strongly influenced by ___________ sensations. | olfactory |
| ________ ___________ can dampen the taste sensation. | Nasal congestion |
| What other stimuli besides taste can the tongue detect? | temperature; texture |
| What carries taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue? | facial nerve |
| What nerve carries taste sensations from the posterior one-third of the tongue and superior pharynx? | glossopharyngeal |
| What nerve carries taste sensations from the epiglottis? | vagus |
| The neural pathways for taste extend from the__________ _________ to the _________ and to the _______ _______. | medulla oblongata;thalamus;cerebral cortex |
| Visual system consists of: | eye;accessory structures; sensory neurons |
| eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles are all: | accessory structures of the eye |
| Prevent perspiration from entering the eyes and help shade the eyes: | eyebrows |
| protect the eyes from foreign objects; help lubricate the eyes by spreading tears over their surface: | eyelids |
| What are the lubricating glands associated with the eyelids called? | Meibomian (Tarsal) glands & Ciliary glands |
| Sebaceous glands that lubricate the eye? | Meibomian (Tarsal) |
| Glands that lie between the hair follicles; modified sweat glands | Ciliary glands |
| Project from the fee margin of each eyelid and initiate reflex blinking: | eyelashes |
| What covers the inner eyelid and the anterior part of the eye? | conjunctiva |
| Inflamed ciliary gland, associated with hair follicle: | sty |
| Infection or blockage of tarsal gland: | Chalazion |
| Infection of the conjunctiva: | conjunctivitis |
| Consists of the lacrimal gland, lacrimal canaliculi, and a nasolacrimal duct: | Lacrimal Apparatus |
| What secretes tears? | Lacrimal glands |
| What do tears contain? | mostly water, with some salts, mucus, and lysozyme |
| Where do tears enter the eye? | superolateral lacrimal ducts |
| Where do tears exit the eye? | medially via the lacrimal canaliculi |
| Where do tears drain? | nasolacrimal duct |
| Six strap-like muscles that enable the eye to follow moving objects; they maintain the shape of the eyeball: | extrinsic eye muscles |
| Name the extrinsic muscles: | superior rectus; inferior rectus; medial rectus;lateral rectus; superior oblique; inferior oblique |
| What extrinsic eye muscle depresses and medially deviates the gaze? | inferior rectus |
| Which extrinsic eye muscle laterally deviates the gaze? | Lateral rectus |
| Which extrinsic eye muscle medially deviates the gaze? | Medial rectus |
| Which extrinsic eye muscle elevates and medially deviates the gaze? | superior rectus |
| Which extrinsic eye muscle elevates and laterally deviates the gaze? | Inferior oblique |
| Which extrinsic eye muscle depresses and laterally deviates the gaze? | Superior oblique |
| Which extrinsic eye muscles are controlled by the oculomotor nerve? | Inferior rectus; medial rectus; superior rectus; inferior rectus |
| Which nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle? | Abducent |
| Which nerve controls the superior oblique? | Trochlear |
| What are the 3 layers of the eyeball? | Fibrous; Vascular; nervous |
| What is the Fibrous layer of the eyeball composed of? | Sclera; Cornea |
| What makes up the Vascular layer of the eyeball? | Choroid; Ciliary body; iris |
| What makes up the nervous layer of the eyeball? | retina |
| What is the internal cavity of the eyeball filled with? | fluids called humors |
| The sclera is the posterior _______ of the eye? | 5/6 |
| White connective tissue that maintains the shape of the eyeball; protects internal structures; provides a site for muscle attachments: | Sclera |
| Composes anterior 1/6th of the eye: | Cornea |
| The cornea is ____________ and __________ and refracts light that enters the eye. | Avascular; transparent |
| Vascular network; many melanin-containing pigment cells; appears black in color; prevents the reflection of light inside the eye: | choroid |
| A thickened ring of tissue surrounding the len: | Ciliary ring |
| Ciliary ring is composed of _________ ___________ bundles (ciliary muscles) | smooth muscle |
| The ciliary ring anchors the suspensory ligament that holds the _______ _ _____________. | lens in place |
| Changes the shape of the lens: | ciliary ring |
| What produces aqueous humor? | ciliary process |
| Smooth muscle regulated by the autonomic nervous system; | iris |
| smooth muscle that constricts pupil for close vision and bright light | Sphincter pupillae |
| Smooth muscle of the Iris that dilates pupils for distant vision and dim light: | dilator pupillae |
| What does the pupil do when the subject matter is appealing or requires problem-solving skills? | dilates |
| What controls the amount of light entering the pupil? | iris |
| What determines the color of the iris? | amount of melanin present |
| Large amounts of melanin in the iris make the eye color | brown or black |
| Less melanin in the iris makes the eye color | light brown, green, or gray |
| least melanin makes the eye color: | blue |
| The inner layer of the eyeball. | Retina |
| The retina has over 126 million ___________ cells, which respond to _______. | photorecepor; light |
| What are of the nervous layer(retina) has the greatest sensitivity to light and has the highest concentration of photoreceptor cells? | Macula lutea (fovea centralis) |
| Place where blood vessels enter the eye and axons of neurons converge to form the optic nerve which exits the posterior eye; no photoreceptor cells, known as the "blind spot" of the eye: | Optic disc |
| The eye is composed of 3 chambers: | anterior; posterior, vitreous |
| Chamber of the eye located between the cornea and the iris: | Anterior |
| Chamber of the eye located between the iris and the lens | posterior |
| Largest chamber of the eye; posterior to the lens: | Vitreous Chamber |
| Fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye; | Aqueous humor |
| Aqueous humor contributes to ________ pressure. | intraocular |
| What supports, nourishes, and removes wastes for the cornea, which has no blood vessels? | Aqueous humor |
| What produces Aqueous humor as a blood filtrate? | ciliary processes |
| Aqueous humor is returned to the circulation through the __________ ________ ____________. | scleral venous sinus |
| An increase in intraocular pressure due to the build up of aqueous humor: | Glaucoma |
| Fills the vitreous chamber; also contributes to intraocular pressure; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball; holds the lens and retina in place; functions in the refraction of light in the eye: | Vitreous humor |
| A biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular structure that allows precise focusing of light onto the retina and is composed of epithelium and lens fibers; | lens |
| anterior cells of the lens | lens epithelium |
| lens cells filled with crystallines | lens fibers |
| Ciliary body through suspensory ligaments changes the _______ of the lens. | shape |
| With age, the lens becomes more _________ and _______ and loses its ________. | compact; dense; elasticity |
| All energy waves from short gamma rays to long radio waves: | Electromagnetic spectrum |
| Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye: | visible spectrum |
| Bending of light | refraction |
| Light striking a concave surface refracts outward | divergence |
| light striking a convex surface refracts inward | convergence |
| converging light rays meet at the _________ _________ and are said to be _____________. | focal point: focused |
| Focusing system of the Eye (light refracting) | cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor |
| Responsible for most of the convergence | cornea |
| adjusts the convergence by changing shape | lens |
| looking at objects 20 feet or more from the eye | distant vision |
| looking at objects less than 20 feet from the eye | near vision |
| Relaxation of the ciliary muscles causes the lens to flatten, producing the _________ _______. | emmetropic eye |
| Normal resting condition of the lens | emmetropic eye |
| point at which the lens does not have to thicken for focusing to occur; normal 20 fee or more from the eye: | Far point of vision |
| Closest point an object can come to the eye and still be focused | near point of vision |
| When an object is less than 20 feet from the eye, the image falling on the retina is no longer in focus. What 3 events must occur to bring the image into focus? | Accommodation by the lens; Constriction of the Pupil; Convergence of the eyes |
| Increases the depth of focus | constriction of the pupil |
| Medial rotation of the eyes | Convergence of the eyes |
| Contraction of the ciliary muscles causes the lens to become more spherical which is: | accommodation by the lens |
| ___________ layer of the retina provides a black backdrop for increasing visual acuity. | Pigmented |
| Rods and cones synapse with ________ cells. | bipolar cells |
| Bipolar cells synapse with ____________cells, which form the optic nerve. | ganglion |
| Responsible for non-color vision and vision in low illumination (night vision) | Rods |
| Rod-shaped photoreceptive part of the rods contains about _____ double-layered membranous discs. | 700 |
| Discs contain: | rhodopsin |
| Rhodopsin is a purple pigment consisting of the protein _______ covalently bound to a yellow photosensitive pigment called ___________ (derived from vitamin A) | opsin; retinal |
| What activates rhodopsin? | exposure to light |
| Rhodopsin is split by light into _______ and ________, eventually resulting in an action potential. | retinal; opsin |
| Light adaptation occurs when the eyes are exposed to _________ light, a person goes from the dark into the sunlight. | increased |
| light adaptation is caused by a reduction of _____________. | rhodopsin |
| Dark adaptation occurs when exposed to ___________ light, such as when a person goes from the sunlight to a dark room. | decreased |
| What causes dark adaptation? | increased rhodopsin production |
| What do both light and dark adaptation involve? | pupil reflexes |
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