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T1 Patho-Resp Sys 1
Resp Sys Physio 1/3 - MCPHS-Manchester PharmD - Pathophysiology Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the primary function of the resp sys is to obtain ____ and eliminate ____ | O2; CO2 |
| O2 is needed for _____ ; CO2 is produced by ____ | use by cells, produced by cells |
| respiration is composed of ____ separte processes; _____ respiration | 2 separate process, internal and external |
| which type of resp is a biochemical process | internal respiration |
| which type of respiration synonymous c/ cellular respiration | internal respiration |
| internal respiration includes ______ use of food for _____; use of ____ for biochemical processes; and results in ___ (2) production | mitochdrial & metabolism; O2; CO2 & H2O |
| physiology will focus on _____ respiration; which is the ______ | external respiration; exchange of gasses b/w cells and environment |
| ext resp steps: ______/_____ b/w atmosphere and ____ in lung -> exchange of ____ + ____ b/w ____ & ___-> transport of ____ + ___ b/w ____ & ____ -> transport of __ + ___ b/w ____ & _____ -> xchange b/w ___ + ____ -> int respiration | ventilation/xchange of gasses b/w __ alveoli in lung -> O2 in + CO2 out b/w alveoli and blood -> O2 & CO2 b/w alveoli and blood-> transport of O2 + CO2 b/w blood and tissue -> xchange b/w blood and tissue -> int resp |
| ____ circulation is charac by the transport of O2 and CO2 b/w lung and blood | pulmonary |
| systemic circulation is charac by the transport of _________ b/w ____ + ____ | O2 & CO2 b/w blood and tissues |
| the resp sys has nonresp fx's in that it is the route for ____ loss and ____ elimination | H20 loss, heat elimination |
| venous return is enhanced by ___ pump by _____ inhaling/exhaling (nonresp Fx) | resp pump by mechanical |
| normal acid/ base balance is a Fx of which sys and what type of Fx is this | resp sys, nonresp Fx |
| speaking/singing/vocalizations are made possible by the ____ fx of the ____ sys | nonresp fx of the resp sys |
| a nonresp Fxof the resp sys includes defending against _____ matter and provids a _____ | inhaled foreign matter, physical barrier |
| what with in the resp sys aids the formaiton of a physical barrier against foreign inhaled matter | cillia, mucous secretions, size |
| materials passig thru the circ sys undergo a ____ fx by the ___ sys and may be ____ (3) | nonresp Fx, resp sys, modified, activated, inactivated |
| an ex of material subject to midofication, inactivation, and activation are ____ wihch is inactivatedd and ____ which is activated | PG - inActvtx, angiotensin-2 Actvtx |
| the nose fx in ___ which is a ___ fx of the ___ sys | smell, nonresp Fx of the resp sys |
| lungs are connected to the ext world by ____ | air passages |
| the air passages from the env to the lungs are: _____/____ -> ____ -> ____ -> ____ =< 2-______ (first split) | nasal passage/oral cavity-> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea =< 2 bronchi |
| start c/ bronchi -> _____ -> ____ -> _____ -> _____ -> alveolar sacs | resp bronchioles -> resp bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs |
| the site of gas xchange in the lung is at the ____ and there are ___ many | alveoli, a lot (~300 mill) |
| movement of the gasses is facilliated by the assoc _____ | associated muscles |
| C-rings are _____ rings that Fx in ____ | cartilaginous rings that Fx in keeping the trachea open and prevent it from compressing |
| sm musc innervates the resp sys starting with what pipe | terminal bronchiole |
| smooth musc is innervated by the NS so it can be done ______ thought | ANS c/o conscious thought |
| resp rate can be influ by ____ b/c of how it is controled | many hormones, NT, factors |
| _____ surr all alveoli and are the means by which ____ & ___ occurs | pulmonary capilllaries; gas xchange and diffusion |
| many ____ are c/i 1 alveolar sac and permit ___/___ c/i alveoli | pores of kohn; gas xchange/collateral ventilation |
| a ___ is a thin walled, inflatable sac that Fx in ____ | alveoli -> gas xchange |
| each alveoli is encirceld by _____ c/ close proximity | pulmonary capillaries |
| the proximity b/w the ____ & ____ provides tremendous __ which enables a ___ rate of ____ by ____ | capillaries and alveoli, SA, great rate of gas xchange by diffusion |
| Fick's law explains why _____ by ____ occurs so readily b/w the alveoli and cappillaries | gas exchange by diffusion |
| O has a ___ MW, is in ___ conc which works in favor to ______ by Fick's law | low MW and high Conc; diffusion |
| the ___ dist b/w the ___ & ____ as well as the ___ amt of pressure and available SA also contribute to _____ by Fick's law ______ | small dist b/w the capillary & alveoli, high pressure, and lg SA, diffusion, favorably |
| the walls of the alveoli contain a ___ layer of flatened type _ ____cells | single layer, type I alveolar cells |
| alveolar epithelium also contains type _ ____ cells | type II alveolar cells |
| type _ enable the wall of the alveoli to remain ____ and faciliate _____ vs. type II alveolar cells which Fx in ___ facilliatation ____ & ____ | type I - thin, diffusion vs. type II - secrete pulmonary surfactant, facilliatates lung expansion and maintains open |
| the walls of the alveoli have three components that incl___, ____, ____ | type I, type II alveolar cells, alveolar macrophages |
| alveolar macrophages are found ___ and Fx in | in the wall of the alveoli, immune defense |
| the single layer of type _ - ____ cells maintains a ___ wall b/w alveoli and ____ which allows for ____ by creating a _____ distance to cross | type I alveolar cells, thin epithelium, b/w capillary, diffusion, small |
| 1 capillary intercalates ____ alveoli | 2-3+ |
| ___ tissue is a series of highly branched airways, alveoli, _____, BV, and lots of ____ ____ tissue | lung tissue: pulkmonary BV, elastic connective |
| only ____ is found in the walls of the bronchioles and arterioles, subject to ____ + ____ at _____ time such that _______ | musc, subject to contraction and relaxation at different, such that some are contracting as others relaxing |
| lung tissue with ____ and vessels, esophagus, thymus and nerves occupy _____ volume of the ____ cavity | heart, most of the vol of thoracic |
| the outer chest wall is composed of 12 _____ which join at ____ & ____ vertebrae and fx in | pairs of ribs, connect at sternum and thoarcic vertebrae, fx in protection |
| _____ is the skel musc for breathing in and separates the ___ from the ___ | diaphragm, thoracic from abdominal cavity |
| _____ separates ____ lung from the ____ wall | pleural sac, each lung, thoracic |
| ____ is in the plural sac with ___ for ___ to ease breathing | pleural cavity, fluid for lubrication |
| _____ secrete fluid into the ____ cavity for ____ & ____ breathing | pleural surfaces, pleural caivty, lubrication and eases |
| starting from the lung -> ____ pleura -> _____ sac -> ____ pleura -> ____ wall | visceral pleura -> pleural sac -> parietal pleura -> thoracic |
| the ____ pleura is attached to the int organs and is the ___ membrane for the ____ sac | visceral pleura, internal membrane, pleural sac |
| ____ pleura is the outer membrane attached to the ___ wall | parietal pleural -> thoracic wall |
| What are the 3 types of resp P? | atmospheric-P (barometric), intra-alv/pulmonary-P, intra-pleural/thoracic-P |
| _____ P is produced from the wieght of air on objects on the surf of the Earth | Atmospheric-P |
| atmospheric-P = ___ mmHg at sealevel & ____ as elevation ___ | 760mmHg at sea-lvl, dec as elevation inc |
| _____P is the P in alveoli | intra-alv/pulmonary |
| intra-alveolar/pulmonary P is _____ but _____ c/ ____ -P b/c of exposure to it | variable, equilibrates to atmospheric P b/c of exposure to atmosphere |
| ___-P is the P in the pleural sac | intra-pleural/thoracic |
| intra-plueral/throacic-P avg ___ mmHg or is ____ b/c ___ units lwr than ____-P (___mmHG) | 756 mmHg, -4, 4 units below Atmospheric-P (760mmHg) |
| ____-P is a slight vacuum compared to ____-P but is lost when ___ is in ___ cavity or aka _______ | intra-pleural vacuum compared to atmospheric-P, lost when air is in pleural cavity aka pneumothorax |
| lungs are normally _____ which ___ thorax | stretched, filling thorax |
| ______ & _____ pulls lung outward by creating a bind making it diff to _____ | intrapleural fluid's cohesiveness and stickiness, diff to separate |
| ___ P gradient exists where (2) | across lung wall and across thoracic wall |
| transumural P gradient across ____ wall is a net outward P b/n ____ P & and ____ P | lung wall, intra-alveolar & intra-pleural |
| transumural P gradient across ____ wall is a net inward P b/n ____ P & and ____ P | thoracic wall, intra-pleural-P and atmospheric-P |
| ____ gradient across ____ pushes lung outward when ___ P > _____ P (located ___ to the alveoli) | transmural pressure gradient across lung; outward; intra-alveolar > intra-pleural (outside of alveoli) |
| ____ gradient across ____ pushes lung inward when ___ P > _____ P | transmural P gradient across thoracic wall; atmospheric-P > intra-pleural-P |
| ____ P gradient is ideal for soft tissue in ____ and cx's the wall to be forced _____ | transmural pressure gradient ideal for soft tissue in lung, force wall outward |
| ____ P gradient is ideal for strong ribs and cx's the wall to be forced _____ but has an ___ effect | transmural P gradient across thoracic wall, inward, less effect |
| ____ is when the lung is punctured, the ______ is lost and the lung will _____ | pneumothorax, gradient is lost, lung collapse |
| changes in ____ P produce flow of air in and out of lungs | intra-alveolar P |
| _____ (mmHg) < ______ (mmHg) -> air enters lung | intra-alveolar (756mmHg) < atmospheric (760mmHg) |
| _____ > ______ -> air leaves lung | alveolar > atmospheric -> out |
| _____ P changes according to ____ law | intra-alveolar -> Boyles |
| Boyles Law: ___ = ____ | P1V1 = P2V2 |
| Boyles law represents a ____ relationship b/w ____ and ____, and Fx in that ___ | inverse relationship b/w P and V, as P inc V dec |
| according to Boyle, air in when P __ and V ____ | air in = P dec -> vol inc |
| according to Boyle, air out when P __ and V ____ | air out = P inc -> vol Dec |
| what is responsible for changing the vol of the lungs facilitating air in and out | Musc assoc c/ inspiration and expiration |
| what are the 3 types of musc assoc c/ ext respiration | Musc of active expiration, mjr muscl of inspiration, accesory musc of inspiration |
| the sternocleidomastoid is consider a _____ musc of ____ | acces of inspiration |
| the diaphragm & ___ intercostal muscl is the ____ musc of _____ | ext intercostal, mjr musc of inspriation |
| the abdominal and ___intercostal musc are ____ musc of ____ | int intercostal, musc of active expiration |
| which musc (2) is contracted by passive _____ and what is the resultant effect on vol, pressure an air flow | expiration, diaphragm & ext intercostal , in vol, dec pressure, air in |
| what musc (2) when actively contracted inc P, what is the effect on vol and air | abdominal and int intercostal musc, dec V, air out |
| what musc is innervated by the phrenic nerve and what is it Fx for contraction | diaphragm, inspiration upon contraction |
| the intercostal nerves innervate the ___ musc and Fx in _____ upon contraction | ext intercostal, inspiration |
| upon contraction of diaphragm, the _____ cavity ___ size | thoracic cavity inc in size |
| the expansion of the thoracic cavity ___ P and ___ vol thus allowing air ___ | Dec P and Inc Vol, air in |
| ___ mmHg is assoc c/ the contraction of the diaphragm | 754 mmHg |
| what is the affect on the intra-avelor P upon contraction of the diaphragm | dec intra-alveolar P below atomspheric P, air in |
| how is the P gradient affected by the contraction of the diaphragm | air enters from atmosphere to re-equilibrate |
| contraction of ____ elevates ribs and ___ ____ to ____ dimension of ____ cavity | ext intercoastal, inc side-to-side dimension of throacic cavity |
| contraction of ____ changes the vertical dimension by ___ which dec the P | diaphragm, inc |
| contraction of ____ -> elevation of the ribs -> _____ move ___ & ____ ward -> ____ ___to____ dimension of ___ cavity | -> sternum up & out ward -> inc front to back dimension of thoracic cavity |
| expiration req the relaxation of the ____ (2) and ____ of alveoli to ___ size thus ___ P | diaphragm and musc of chest wall, elastic recoil of alveoli, dec size and inc P |
| _____ P inc and ____ lungs for expiration | intra-pleural P inc P -> compresses lungs |
| ___ P inc and __ lung Vol | intra-alvolar -> dec lung Vol |
| ____ P is inc above atompsheric P for expiration cx'ing air ____ | intra-alveolar P inc > atomspheric P -> air out |
| ____ is an unconscious process where as ___ is an acitve or unconcious process | inspiration unconscious, expiration acitve or unconscious |
| forced expiration = _____ expiration | active |
| axtive expiration req voluntary _____ of addtl ___ musc to further ___ P b/w ___ & ____ by the use of the ___ & ___ muscles | contraction od addtl expiratory musc -> further dec P b/w alveloi and atomospher; abdominal and int intercostals |
| ____expiration -> relaxation of ____ and return of ____ (3) to resting position -> thoracic cavity ____ size | passive expiration -> ext intercostals, return sternum, ribs, and diaphragm to resting postions, pre-inspiratory |
| ___ expiration -> contraction of ____ & _____ -> ___ pushed further upward past resting postion + flattens ___ & ____ reducing side-to-side & front-to-back dimension -> ____ in vertical deminsion of ___ cavity + __ side-to-side & front-to-back dimension | acitve expiration -> contract abdominal and int internal costals -> push diaprgam further upward + faltten rib and sternum -> dec veritcal dimension of thoracic cavity + dec side-to-side and front-to-back dimension |
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