Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
HA Ch. 6
Skeletal System (Axial Division)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| # of bones in human skeleton | 206 |
| axial skeleton | 80 bones, long axis of body |
| axial skeleton supports...protects | head, neck, trunk...brain, spinal cord and thoracic organs |
| major regions of the axial skeleton | skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax |
| the skull is the most... | complex structure of the skeleton |
| the skull is formed by.... | cranial and facial bones |
| the skull has mostly | flat bones connected by sutures |
| which skull bone is not connected by sutures? | mandible |
| the "brain case" or cranium is divided into... | two major areas (cranial vault and cranial base) |
| cranial vault (calvarium) | skull cap or roof of the skull |
| cranial base (floor - inferior part) | anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae |
| fossa | depression |
| how many foramina are there? | 85 named |
| foramina/canals/fissures/lacerum | openings in the bones for blood and n erve supply to enter through |
| how many bones are in the skull? | 8 cranial and 14 facial bones |
| frontal bone (1) | cockle-shell shaped bone |
| frontal bone forms | the forehead and the roofs of the orbits |
| glabella | smooth part in the midline of the frontal bone between the superciliary arches |
| superciliary arches support | the eyebrows |
| frontal squama | vertical anterior-most part of the frontal bone (forehead) |
| supraorbital margins | mark the superior limits of the orbits, the bony recesses that support and protect the eyeballs |
| supraorbital foramen | notches, opening above each orbit |
| supraorbital foramen transmit | supraorbital artery and nerve |
| lacrimal fossa | marks location for the lacrimal (tear) gland that lubricates the surface of the eye |
| parietal bones (2) | pair of curved rectangular bones |
| parietal bones are located | posterolateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium |
| superior and inferior temporal lines | low ridges on the external surface of each parietal bone, marking the attachment of the temporalis muscle |
| temporalis muscle | closes the mouth |
| parietal eminence | the smooth parietal surface superior to the temporal lines |
| how many major sutures are associated with the parietal bones?? | 4; at which they articulare with other cranial bones |
| occipital bone (1) | most posterior of the cranial bones |
| occipital bone forms... | the floor and back wall of the skull |
| foramen magnum | hole in the base of occipital bone through which spinal cord passes and is connected to the brain |
| occipital condyles | facets on the base of the skull, which articulate with the superior facets of the C1 (atlas) and vertebra |
| articulate | joining two things together to allow motion |
| hypoglossal canals | passageway for hypoglossal cranial nerve XII |
| hypoglossal canals begin at... | the lateral base of each occipital condyle |
| basioccipital | band of bone anterior to the foramen magnum, which is the point of articulation between the occipital bone and the sphenoid |
| external occipital crest and protuberance | midline prominences posterior to foramen magnum |
| the crest extends... | posteriorly from the foramen magnum, ending in the protruberance |
| protruberance | small midline bump |
| superior and inferior nuchal lines | horizontal ridges that intersect the external occipital crest |
| nuchal lines mark the... | attachment of muscles and ligaments that stabilize the articulation between the first vertebra, C1, and the occipital condyles |
| temporal bones (2) | inferior to the parietal bones on lateral skull |
| four major regions of the temporal bones | squamous, tympanic, mastoid, petrous |
| squamous region | lateral surface bordering the squamous suture |
| squama | convex external surface of the region |
| cerebral surface | concave internal surface, whose curvature parallels the surface of the brain |
| zygomatic process | the inferior margin of the region, which curves laterally and anteriorly to meet the temporal process of the zygomatic bone |
| the temporal and zygomatic process together form... | the zygomatic arch (cheekbone) which defines the projection of the cheek |
| squamous region touches | the parietal bones on each side |
| tympanic region | surrounds the external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal) immediately posterior and lateral to the mandibular fossa |
| tympanic region contains the... | styloid process (needle like and inferior to the external auditory meatus) |
| styloid process | makrs the attachment site for ligaments that support the hyoid bone and for muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and larynx. |
| mastoid region | "breast shaped" area posterior to the ear |
| mastoid contains... | mastoid process which is rough and anchors some neck muslces that rotate and extend the head |
| petrous region | most massive portion of the temporal bone |
| petrous region contributes to... | the cranial base and forms the lateral region of the skull base |
| petrous contains the | jugular foramen which is a passageway through which the internal jugular vein (largest of head) and cranial nerves IX, X, XI pass |
| carotid canal | opens in petrous region on the skulls inferior aspect, just anterior to the jugular foramen and it is a passageway for internal carotid artery |
| foramen lacerum | jagged opening between the medial tip of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and sphenoid bone |
| foramen lacerum is almost completely closed by... | cartilage in a living person but conspicuous in a dried skull |
| internal acoustic meatus | lies in the cranial cavity on the posterior face of the petrous region; transmits cranial nerves VII, VIII |
| sphenoid (1) | bat-shaped bone |
| sphenoid bone forms the | anterior plateau of the middle cranial fossa |
| sphenoid spans | the width of the cranial floor |
| sphenoid is made up of the | body and 3 pairs of processes |
| 3 process of sphenoid are | greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid process |
| greater wings | visible exteriorly anterior to temporal, form a portion of the orbits of the eyes |
| lesser wings | bat-shaped portions located anterior to the sella turcica |
| pterygoid processes | vertical projections that begin at the boundary between the greater and lesser wings |
| pterygoid processes contain | attachment sites for pterygoid muscles that move the lower jaw and soft palate |
| sella turcica | (turkish saddle) on the superior surface of the body |
| sella turcica contains the | hypophyseal fossa which holds the pituitary gland |
| pituitary gland is also known as the | hypophysis |
| anterior clinoid processes | located on either side of sella turcica are these posterior projections of the lesser wings of sphenoid |
| tuberculum sellae | forms the anterior border of sella turcica |
| dorsum sellae | forms posterior border of sella turcica |
| posterior clinoid processes | extend laterally on either side of the dorsum sellae |
| inferior surfaces of sella turcica form... | part of orbit and the superior part of the superior orbital fissure |
| optic groove | transverse groove that crosses to the front of the saddle, above the seat |
| optic canal | openings at either end of the optic groove |
| 5 important openings of the sphenoid | optic foramen, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum |
| optic foramen | anterior to sella turcica; CN II passes through from the orbit into the cranial cavity |
| superior orbital fissure | long slit between the greater and lesser wings |
| superior orbital fissure transmits | CN III, IV, VI (control eye movement( |
| foramen rotundum | lateral to sella turcica and a passage for a branch of CN V |
| foramen ovale | posterior to the sella turcica and passage for a branch of CN V |
| foramen spinosum | inferior aspect that transmits middle meningeal artery |
| meningeal artery supplies | the broad inner surfaces of parietal and temporal bones |
| ethmoid bone (1) | irregularly shaped bone |
| ethmmoid bone is most | deeply situated bone located anterior to the sphenoid |
| ethmoid bone forms... | most of the medial bony area between the nasal cavity and the orbits |
| ethmoid bone forms part of the | orbital wall, anteromedial floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the nasal septum |
| 3 major parts of ethmoid bone | cribriform plates, ethmoidal labyrinth, perpendicular plate |
| cribriform plates | contributes to roof of nasal cavities and floor of anterior cranial fossa |
| cribriform plates contain | olfactory foramina which transmit olfactory fibers of CN 1 (smell) |
| crista galli | superior pojection between 2 cribriform plates; attached to falx cerebri which helps secure the brain withihn the cranial cavity |
| falx cerebri | membranous ligament |
| ehtmoidal labyrinth | interconnected network of ethmoidal air cells |
| ehtmoidal labryinth is dominated by | superior and middle nasal conchae which are thin scrolls of bony structures that contribute to the conchae of nasal cavity on either side of the perpendicular plate |
| ethmoidal lab. is best viewed from | the anterior and posterior part of nasal septum |
| perpendicular plate | forms superior part of nasal septum |
| perp. plate projects | inferiorly in the median plane |
| perp plate's superior portion is | covered by olfactory epithelium |
| lateral masses | irregularly shaped, thin-walled bony regions flanking the perp palte laterally; also riddled with sinuses |
| cranial bone sutures | coronal, squamous, sagittal, lambdoid, frontonasal, occipitomastoid |
| coronal suture | where parietal bones join with frontal bone |
| squamous | where the parietal bones join with temporal bones inferiorly |
| saggital | where right and left parietal bones meet |
| lambdoid | where the parietal bones jjoin with occiptal bones |
| frontonasal | boundary between superior aspects of the two nasal bones and frontal bone |
| occipitomastoid | where occpital bone joins with temporal bones |
| mandible (facial bone) (1) | lower jawbone |
| regions of mandible | mandibular body and rami of mandible |
| mandibular body | horizontal portion that supports teeth |
| rami | ascending portions from each side of body |
| mandibular angles | where each ramus meets the body |
| alveolar margin | thickened area that contains alvoli and roots of teeth |
| condylar processes | posterior processes that enlarge superiorly to form the mandibular condyles |
| mandibular condlyes join with mandibular fossae of temporal bones to form | temporomandibular joint |
| coronoid processes | jutting anterior portion of each ramus; site of temporalis muscle attachment |
| mandibular notch | depression that lies between the condylar and coronoid processes |
| mental foramina | prominent openings lateral to the midline, penetrating the body on each side; passageway for mental blood vessels and nerve that serve the lower jaw |
| mylohyoid line | lies on medial aspect of body; marking the origin of mylohyoid muslce |
| submandibular fossa | depression inferior to the mylohyoid line, in which the submandibular salivary gland is located |
| mandibular foramina | openings on the medial aspect of both rami; passageway for mandibular branch of CN V (for tooth sensation) |
| maxillary bones(2) | largest facial bones that form upper jaw and central part of facial skeleton |
| maxillae also form | part of the orbits |
| orbital surface on each maxilla | provides protection for the eye and other orbital structures |
| all facial bones join with the maxillae except | mandible |
| palatine processes | form anterior part of the hard palate (bony roof of the mouth) |
| frontal processes | lateral aspect of the bridge of the nose, joins with the frontal bone and nasal bones |
| zygomatic processes | join with zygomatic bones |
| inferior orbital fissure | elongated opening within each orbit; formed by the maxillae and sphenoid |
| infraorbital foramen | opening under each orbit, in orbital rim; passageway for infraorbital nerves and vessels that serve the nasal region |
| alveolar margins | oral margins of the maxillae, which contain the upper teeth |
| zygomatic bones (2) | lateral to maxillae, form cheekbones and part of lateral rims of orbits |
| zygomatic bones contributes to | inferior orbital wall |
| temporal process | joins with zygomatic process of temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch |
| zygomaticofacial foramen | located on the anterior surface of each zygomatic bone; transmits a sensory nerve innervating the cheek |
| nassal bones (2) | small, rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose |
| nasal bones joins with the | frontal bone at the frontonasal suture |
| lacrimal bones (2) | delicate and finger nail shaped |
| lacrimal bones are situated in the | medial portion of each orbit, where it joins with the frontal bone, maxilla, and ethmoid |
| lacrimal bones have lacrimal grooves | or sulcus, a shallow depression that leads to a narrow passageway, called the nasolacrimal canal |
| nasolacrimal canal is formed by the | lacrimal bone and maxilla |
| nasolacrimal canal encloses the | tear duct as it passes towards the nasal cavity |
| palatine bones (2) | small, L-shaped bones |
| horizontal plates | posterior part of hard palate; joins with the maxillae |
| perp. plates are what portion of L shaped bone | vertical, posterior part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and small part of the orbits |
| conchal crest | ridge on the medial surface, marking the joining with inferior nasal concha |
| ethmoidal crest | ridge on the medial surface, marking the joint with the middle nasal concha and the ethmoid |
| nasal crest | ridge that forms where the right and left palatine bones interconnect, marking the joint with the vomer |
| vomer (1) | slender, plow-shaped bone in medial plane of nasal cavity |
| vomer forms the | posterior and inferior portions of the nasal septum |
| vomer joins | with both the maxillae and palatine bones along the midline |
| inferior nasal conchae(2) | thin, curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity |
| inferior nasal conchae perform | the same function as the conahe of the ethmoid |
| special parts of the skull | orbits, nasal complex, paranasal sinuses, hyoid bone |
| orbits | enclose and protect eyes |
| orbits are comprised of parts of | 7 bones of the skull ; frontal, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, spehnoid, palatine, zygomatic |
| nasal complex is constructed of | bone and cartilage |
| nasal complex encloses | the nasal cavities and includes the paranasal sinuses |
| paranasal sinuses (ignore) | air spaces connected to the nasal cavities |
| what contribute to the nasal complex? | frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, vomer, maxilla,e lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae |
| the bridge of the nose is supported by | maxillae and nasal bones |
| paransal sinuses | air fill chambers that act as extensions of and open into the nasal cavities |
| paranasal sinuses are found in | maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontal bones |
| paranasal sinuses serve to | lighten the skull bones, produces mucus, and resonate during sound production |
| hyoid bone | not a skull bone but considered in this section due to location |
| hyoid bone is located | supierior to the larynx and inferior to the skull |
| hyoid bone is the only bone in the body that | does not join directly with any bone |
| the hyoid bone is... | suspended by the stylohyoid ligaments |
| hyoid bone has a body and horns that are | attachment points for tongue and neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing |
| greater horns of hyoid | larger process on the hyoid, which help support the larynx and serve as the base for muscles that move the tongue |
| lesser horns | connected to the stylohyoid ligaments, from which the hyoid and larynx hang beneath the skull, like a swing from the limb of a tree |
| vertebral column extends from | the skull to the pelvis, forming the body's major axial support |
| vertebral columb surrounds and protects | delicate spinal cord while allowing spinal n erves to issue from the cord via openings between adjacent vertebrae |
| vertebral clumb has | 26 irregular bones; 7 cervical (c), 12 thoracic (T), 5 lumbar (L), 1 sacral (S), 1 coccygeal |
| scral vertebra has | 5 fused bones |
| coccygeal vertebra has | 4 fused bones |
| the # of cervial vertebrae is... | consistant in humans, but can vary in -5% of population |
| intervertebral discs | shock absorbers |
| vertebrae are seperated by | pads of fibrocartilage that cushion the vertebrae and absorb shock |
| cushion-like pads are made of | nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus |
| nucleus pulposus | inner sphere, gelatinous and acts like a rubber ball to absorb compressive stress |
| annulus fibrosus | outer collar of 12 concentric rings of ligaments(outer) and fibrocartilage (inner) |
| annulus fibrosus contains | nucleus pulposus and limits its expansion when the spine is compressed |
| annulus fibrosus also acts in | binding the successive vertebrae together |
| ligaments connect bone to bone and the three ligaments here are | anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal and ligamentum flavum |
| anterior longitudinal ligament | prevents hyperextension |
| posterior long. ligament | prevents hyperflexion |
| ligamentum flavum | elastic connective tissue which stretches and recoils during flexion and extension of the body |
| general structure of vertebrae | body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, spinous process, transverse process, superior articular process, inferior articular process, intervertebral foramina |
| body | centrum, anteriorly located rounded central portion of the vertebra |
| vertebral arch | composite structure formed by two pedicles and two laminae |
| pedicles | little feet; the sides of the arch are short bony walls that project posteriorly from the vertebral body |
| laminae | flat roof plates that complete the arch posteriorly |
| vertebral foramen | vertebral body and arches form a central opening |
| successive vertebral foramina form... | vertebral canal through which the spinal cord is transmitted |
| spinous process | median, posterior projection from the vertebral arch |
| transverse process | project laterally from each pedicle-lamina junction |
| superior articular process forms | movalble joints with inferior articular processes of vertebra located immediately superior to it |
| superior articular process typically faces | away from the spinous process |
| intervertebral foramina are | lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae formed by notches on pedicles'superior and inferior borders |
| cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) | small and wide side to side, triangular vertebral foramen, short bifid spinous process projects directly posteriorly; increases size from C2-C7 |
| atlas | (c1 vertebra) with no body or spinous process |
| atlas is a ring of bone consisting of | anterior and posterior arches with a lateral mass on each side with articular facets on its superior and inferior surfaces |
| atlas has | anterior and posterior tubercles (small rounded projection) |
| superior articular facets receive the | occipital condyles of the skull, thus 'carry' the skull |
| atlas allows | flexion and extension of the head and neck (yes) |
| axis | c2 vertebra that contains a body and a spinous process |
| dens | project superiorly from the axis' body, fuses with the atlas during embryonic development, actually contributues as body of the atlas |
| axis acts as a | pivot for the rotation of the atlas and the skull, hence it is named the axis |
| axis allows head to | shake side to side (no) |
| axis has no | intervertebral disc between c1 and c2 |
| thoracic vertebrae | (t1-t12) larger and heart shaped overall |
| thoracic vert. bear | two costal demifacets |
| thoracic vert. have | circular vertebral foramen |
| thoracic vert. have a | long, sharp spinous process projects inferiorly |
| lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) | massive, kidney shaped body |
| lumbar vert have what shaped foramen | triangular vertebral foramen |
| lumbar vert. have what kind of process | short, blunt, rectangular spinal process projecting directly posteriorly |
| sacrum | small of back with curved triangular shape and froemd by 5 fused vertebrae (s1-S5) |
| coccyx | tail bone, small and triangular with 4 fused vertebrae |
| coccyx provides | slight support of pelvic organs, otherwise useless |
| bony thorax | thoracic cage, protects heart, lungs and other thoracic organs |
| bony thorax is roughly | cone shaped and includes thoracic vert. posteriorly, ribs laterally, sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly and medially |
| sternum | breast bone, anterior midline of thorax |
| manubrium | clavicular notches join with clavicles, also join with the 1st and 2nd ribs |
| body of sternum | 4 fused bones(puberty) notched on sides where the sternal body joins with 2nd to 7th ribs |
| xiphoid process | inferior end of sternum |
| sternum exists as plate of | hyaline cartilage in youth, and does not fully ossify until age 40 |
| sternum process projects | dorsally in some people |
| 3 imp. anatomical landmarks of sternum | jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint |
| jugular notch | central indentation in superior border of manubrium |
| sternal angle | horizontal ridge across anterior surface of the sternum, where the sternal body joins the manubrium and forms a fibrocartilage hinge joint |
| sternal angle is also used as | a reference point for the 2nd rib and important landmark for thoracic surgery |
| 2nd intercostals space used for | listening to certain heart valves |
| xiphisternal joint | where the sternal body and the xiphoid process fuse |
| ribs | 12 pairs form flaring sides of thoracic cage |
| true ribs | superior 7 pairs which attach directly to the sternum by their costal cartilages |
| ribs progressively | increase in length |
| false ribs | inferior 5 pairs with indirect or no attachment to the sternum |
| ribs 8-12 progressively | decrease in length |
| floating ribs | 11-12 have no anterior attachments to the sternum |
| costgal cartilages of floating ribs lie | embedded in muscles of lateral body wall |
| costal margin | inferior margin of the rib cage formed by costal cartilages of the ribs 7-10 |
| typical rib structure | bowed flat bone |
| 1st rib is | atypical; flattened superior to inferior surfaces and quite broad |
| head | wedge-shaped, joins with vertebral bodies at two facets |
| neck | short, constricted region just lateral to the head |
| tubercle | knob-like projection just lateral to the neck on the posterior side |
| tubercle joins with | the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra of the same number |
| shaft | remainder of the rib laterally and medial end |
| costal groove | posterior, inferior groove, which serves as a passageway for nerves and vessels |
Created by:
handrzej
Popular Anatomy sets