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T1 Patho-FReproDisFx
Female Repro Disorders - MCPHS-Manchester PharmD - Pathophysiology Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| which type of cervical CA is more commonly diagnosed, invasvus or cervical carcinoma in situ | invasvive |
| which type of cervical CA is characterized as cancerous lesions | cervical cancer in situ |
| cervical CA is easily recognized in advance b/c of changes found where upon what exam | dysplastic conditions upon a pap smear |
| cervical CA is detected and cured relatively ____, but mortality is still > in what race | easily detected and cured, African American |
| what risk-F is assoc c/ cervical CA and is a STD | HPV |
| what are other risk-F of cervial CA? 5 | intercourse at an early age, promicous, promiscous male partner, smoking, Hx STD |
| Cervical CA arises from ____, which LT the developmt of _____ and evetually CA | precursor lesions -> atypical cells -> CA |
| the progression of the type of cervical CA from atypical cells is ____ | atypical -> carcinoma in situ -> invasive cervical CA |
| which type of cervical CA is localized to the epithelial layer of the cervix | carcinoma in situ |
| which type of cervical CA is found to extend deeper than the epithelial layer (cervix) | invasive CA of the cervix |
| pap smears detect what and where? | Changes in cell nucleus and cytoplasm, variations in size and shape via hisological examination |
| Variations in the size and shape of cells including the type is aka ___ | Dysplasia |
| If an abnormal growth is detected in the cervix via pap smear, how would you know the severity of it | Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia growth system |
| What does the grading system used to detect the severity of the cervical dysplasia describe | Changes in CA precursor cells |
| What are the levels of severity c/ the CIN grading system, least – most worst | CIN 1 -3 , 1 – least, 3- most worst |
| CIN1 &2 indicates what | Dysplasia in the cervical epithelium c/ possible progression |
| Where does cervical cancer progress to making the change from in situ to invasive | Uterus |
| What is the condition in which functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside uterus | Endometriosis |
| Where is the F repro tract is the ectopic endometrial tissue found indicating endometriosis (4) | Ovaries, posterior broad ligaments, pelvis, vagina |
| What is the cx of endometriosis | Unknown |
| Retrograde menstruation is charac by what and is though to be a cx of what? | Endometrial tissue movement up instead of down, endometriosis |
| Dormant, immature cellular elements undergoing metaplasia in distant sites is known to be assoc as a cx for what | Endometriosis |
| Metastasis via lymphatics or vasculature with uterine lining is thought to be a cx of what | Endometriosis |
| Endometriosis is known to have a higher incidence in women who postpone child birth, this is a possible explanation for what recent trend | High incidence in western society, a recent trend in western societies, |
| Experience menarche when is a risk-F for endometriosis | Early menarche |
| Periods of what duration and flow are risk-F for endometriosis | Shorter than normal or longer than normal, heavier flow |
| Experiencing what during menstruation is a risk-F for endometriosis | Pain |
| How hereditary is endometriosis? | First degree relatives |
| Symptoms assoc c/ endometriosis include 3 | Variable but, dysmenorrhea, dyspareuria, infertility |
| If a pt is experience dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility, all at the same time, what is this highly suggestive of | Endometriosis |
| What is used to diagnose endometriosis? | Laproscopy |
| Tx for endometriosis includes (3) | Pain medication, exogenous hormones, removal of tissue |
| How often does endometriosis re-occur | Usually c/I 7 yrs |
| Leiomymomas is aka | Uterine fibroids |
| Leiomymomas is charac as | Benign neoplasms of sm musc origin |
| What is the most common cx of pelvic tumor | Leiomymomas |
| The maj of leiomymoma suffers exp what s&s | Asymptomatic for the maj of the pop c/ |
| How is leiomymomas commonly discovered | Routine pelvic exams |
| Menorrhagua, anemia, urinary freq, rectal pressure/constipation, pain are common S&S of _____ | Leiomymomas |
| Thew growth rate of the bening neoplasms of the sm musc assoc c/ leiomomas is known to be accelerated by what | Hormone lvl (endogenous or exogenous high lvl) |
| When might leiomymomas regress c/o Tx | Menopause onset |
| What is the Tx assoc c/ leiomymomas | Surgery or hysterectomy |
| Pregnancy is known to be affected how by leiomymomas | Not happen b/c of lack of implantation |
| How often does leiomymomas reoccur | Very commonly reoccur |
| Imflammation of the upper repro tract is aka | PID |
| What mayB inflamed c/ PID 3 | Uterus, fallopian tube, ovaries |
| Edometritis is consider a type of ____ involving the _____ | PID, uterus |
| Salpingitis is consider a type of ____ involving the ____ | PID, fallopian tubes |
| Oophoritis is consider a type of ____ involving the ____ | PID; ovaries |
| PID is usu caused by what | inFx of many but particular organisms |
| PID risk-F include what age range | 16-24 |
| Nulliparity, being unmarried, having multi sex partners and a Hx of ____ are risk-F for what F repro track disorder | PID; PID |
| Symptoms of inFx, pain in the lwr abdomen, pus/purulent discharge from the cervix, adnexal tenderness and pain assoc c/ the cervix are S&S forwhat | PID |
| What is adnexal tenderness | Pain in a site near the site inflamed from PID |
| Tx of PID is | Abtc |
| Diagnosis of PID is by | Laproscopy |
| Complications w/ PID include: ____ -> ____ -> _____ =< _____ + infertility | Scar tissue -> adhesions c/I uterus -> struc anomalies =< Ectopic pregnancies + infertility |
| DysFx menstral cycles are assoc c/ alterations in ______ that supp normal ___ ____ changes | hormones; cyclical endometrial changes |
| lack of menstration is aka | amenorrhea |
| what are the types of amenorrhea | primary and secondary |
| what are the two S&S for primary amenorrhea | by 16 no menstration or by 14 no secondary sex characteristics |
| what is typical for secondary amenorrhea | lack of menstration for > 6mo |
| what is known to cx primary amenorrhea | improper dev c/i repro tract |
| improper dev c/i F repro tract cx amenorrhea could be cx by what 2 | gonadal dev malfx or hypo-ant pit-gonad axis malFx |
| secondary amenorrhea can be cx by numerous -F, one involves changes in what lvl | hormone lvls |
| What can happen to the uterus for secondary amenorrhea to dev | interutirne adhesions |
| which type of amenorrhea is known to result from an inFx | secondary amenorrhea |
| dietary changes including ____ (2) can cx what type of amenorrhea | secondary; low fat or anorexia |
| a women with what percent muscle could be at risk for amenorrhea | high muscle percent than normal |
| what types of activities if excessive can lead to amenorrhea | excessive athletic activities |
| what typr of menstraul disorder is indicative of an underlying cx c/ no physical changes | dysmenorrhea |
| dysmenorrhea is assoc c/ a prob where in the F | prob c/i repro tract |
| Tx for dysmenorrhea is | Tx underlying cx or prob c/i tract |
| S&S of dysmenorrhea includes (2) | pain or discomfort during menstration |
| the maj of women suffer ___ and is assoc c/ emotional/physical changes during menstration | PMS |
| a small portion of women experience PMS c/ ____ S&S and need ____ | xtreme S&S; hormone balance |
| the maj of women experience ____ (S&S) c/ PMS | bloating and easily angered |
| women c/ a high protein to low fat ratio experience ______ b/c of _____ | amenorrhea b/c their body couldnt sustain pregnancy c/ so little fat |
| what type of menstral disorder is assoc c/ a dec menstraul flow | hypomenorrhea |
| what type of menstraul disorder is assoc c/ more freq menorrhea than normal | polymenorrhea |
| menarrhea is aka | excessive bleeding |
| A women c/ turner’s syndrome may have inhereitied what for chromosomes (2) | Only 1 X or missing some of one of the X chromosomes but has both |
| A women with short stature, improrper ovary development, and may be infertile is characteristic of what | Turner’s syndrome |
| Anorexia nervosa can be classified as what type of infertility-F | Hypothalamic infertility-F |
| Excessive exercise is a _____ infertility-F | Hypothalamic |
| Stress assoc c/ the inability to conceive a child is categorized as a _____ | Hypothalamic infertility-F |
| Tumors and malnutrition are both _____ for women trying to get pregnant | Hypothalamic infertility-F |
| In addition to the hypo dysFx assoc c/ F infertility-F, what other structure impt to hormonal control can cx infertility | Pituatary DysFx infertility-F |
| When xs PRL is secreted in a women, what could this cx and what is it classified as | Infertility, pit infertility-F |
| A tumor in the pit could cx ____ not allowing a women to become pregnant | Infertility |
| A deficieny in ____ is classified as a pit infertility-F | Gonatropin |
| Psychomimetics are classified as cx’ing what type of infertility | Pit dysFx infertility |
| Shock, SCD, and DM are all assoc with ___ and ____ and is an infertility-F | Pit infarction, pit dysFx |
| Autoimmune disorders are known to cx what type of infertility-F | Ovarian failure |
| Chemotherapy is known to cx what type of F infertility-F | Ovarian failure |
| Chemotherapy disrupts ____ and results in ____ the oocytes | Cell divison, death of |
| Xs cortisol is assoc c/ what dx and may lead to what in a F | Cushing’s syndrome, F infertility-F |
| Hyper/hypothyroidism my cx ___ in a F | Infertility |
| Polysystic ovary syndrome is charac by ____ | Obesity c/ xs hair combined c/ infertility and lg ovaries |
| STDs may result in cx ____ in a F | Infertility |
| Ovulation dysFx/failure account for how much of F infertility-F | 40% |
| Mechanical/anatomical issues account for how much of F infertility-F | 30-50% |
| Cerivical-F account for how much of F infertility-F | 10 % |
| Hormonal cx’s and malFx is assoc c/ dysFx of ____ and accounts for 40% of infertility | Ovulation dysFx/failure |
| Medical Infertility management involves which partner | Both |
| When medical infertility mngmt is sought, initially what is done to identify the Hx of each | Workup incl, medical, surgical, and drug Hx |
| After a Hx of the partners is obtained, med infertility mngmt looks for ____ in both partners | Struc abnormalities |
| What must both partners manage to reduce infertility-F individually as apart of med infertility mngmt | Underlying Dx |
| Any inFx present must be _____ during med infertility mngmt | Tx |
| If all else is normal and infertility is still present, med infertility mngmt last resort is ____ | Alt reproductive technology |
| Vaginal and uterine aplasia is charac as ____ and is a ___ infertility-F | Lack of cells in F repro; anatomical infertility-F |
| ___ is charac as closure of cervix and prevents _____ | Cervical stenosis; sperm passage |
| Interuterin adhesions is charac as _____ and could be classified as ___ infertility-F | Asherman’s syndrome |
| Cervical stenosis is classified as ____ infertility-F | Anatomical |
| Tumors incl ____ are anatomical infertility-F | Fibroids |
| Interuterine adhesions leading to asherman’s syndrome are common after _____ b/c of ____ | Surgery; scar tissue |
| ____ is an infx c/I F repro tract and common to F c/I 16-24 YOA and is assoc c/ ____ infertility-F | PID; anatomical |
| the are numerous types of ____ including in-vitro fertilization | assited repro technology |
| intracytoplasmic sperm injection is a type of _____ | assited repro technology |
| ____ is banned but is a type of assited repro technology | clonning |
| lousie brown was the first succ _____ in 1978 in which the ovaries are super stimulated | invitro fertilization |
| with invitro fertilization, ______ cx's multiple follicles from xcess ___ (H) | super stimualtated ovaries, FSH |
| monitoring of ___ + ___ in blood is necc in in-vitro fertilization which allows the monitoring of ____ | Est & ProG; follicular development |
| during invitro fertilization, when monitoring indicates, _____ is induced by an anaolg ____ , which is an exogenous ___ surge | ovulation, HcG; LH |
| for invitro fertilization, post-ovulation, the ova is found by _____ | aspirate follicles |
| when the ova is found durring invitro fertilization, ______ happens next | inseminate ova invitro |
| if invitro fertilization is succ, ____ happens and the ___ are returned to the women uterus | fertilization, fertilized ova |
| if the male is found to have a dec sperm count, one assisted repro technology soln is ___ | intracytoplasmic injection |
| invitro fertilization may be assisted throughout pregnancy c/ ____ | hormonal support |
| cloning involves: _____ + _____ -> clonal zygote | removing the nucleus from a female gamete + replacing it with a nucleus from a M/F body cell -> clonal zygote |
| c/ cloning once the nucleus swapping is complete a ____ is formed which will undergo dev into an _____ | clonal zygote, clonal zygote |
| cloning is not 100% identical to individual DNA was taken from b/c of ____ (3) | DNA in mitochondria from gamete and DNA from somatic, diff uterine-F |
| one prob c/ clonning, esp Dolly was ___ b/c of ____ | aging quickly, teolmere length was short and not as long as a natural embryo |
| what abnormality is common to clones (2) | tumors and immune-Fx dec |
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