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T1 Patho-MReproDisFx
Male Repro Disorders - MCPHS-Manchester PharmD - Pathophysiology Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the spongy layer of tissue called on the dorsal side of the penis | corpora cavernosa |
| what is the spongy tissue on the ventral side of the penis called | corpora spongiosum |
| the spongy tissue found c/i the penis is made up of what type of musc | sm musc |
| the spongy tissue of the penis runs how much of the length | thw whole length of the penis |
| the spongy tissue is composed of what? 3 | BV, sm musc, lacunae |
| what type of membrane surrounds the spongy tissue of the penis | fibrous membrane |
| an erection is what type of process | a neurovascular process |
| erection is similar to when you touch a hot stove, in that it is a _____ | reflex |
| which NS and nerve types innervates for an erection | ANS via parasympthatic and somatic nerves |
| what type of receptors/stimuli are known to stim | mechanoreceptors and visual stimulai |
| what NT is used for an erection | ACh |
| ACh -> ________ (released) -> ______ -> ______ -> erection | NO released ->sm musc relaxed -> blood flow into penis -> erection |
| endothelial ___ + ____ -> sm musc relax | realxing -F + PG |
| which NS can O/R for Stimulation or inhibiting an erection | CNS O/R ANS -> erection stim or inhibited |
| when blood flows into the penis via ______; _____ increases which _______ | sm musc relaxation; pressure inc -> erection maintained |
| inc pressure -> ____ in and _____ out | maintains blood in + prevents blood out |
| parasymp stimulation -> _____ (BV) relax + ____ (BV) contract -> maintains | arterioles relax + veins contract -> bloood flow in + not out |
| ___ ____ widens and legethens -> erection | corpora cavernosa -> erection |
| SNS mediates ______ c/ erections | ejaculation |
| SNS -> _______ of Male repro tract -> ejaculation | strong contractions |
| frequent strong contractions of _____ (6)-> penis -> ejaculation | epididymis -> vas deferens -> seminal vessicles -> prostate -> urethra -> penis -> ejaculation |
| vaigra P'cologic class and inhibition and stimulation of what | adrenergic antagonist; inhibits symp and stimulates parasympathetic |
| the inability to ____ and _____ an erection sufficient to _____ = ____ & _____ dysFx | Achieve and maintain; permit satisfactory sexual intercourse; erectile and ejaculatroy DysFx |
| the maj of ED suffers are how old | > 50 |
| what are the 2 main causes for ED? | psychogenic & organic |
| what are ex's of psychogenic disorders that cx ED | rltxshp issues, performance anxiety, depression, schizophrenia |
| what are the 4 sub-cat under the organic category for cx's of ED | Neurogenic, Hormonal, Vascular, Drug-induced |
| what would be an ex of a organic-neurogenic cx of ED | trauma, degenertive problems, parkinson's, peripheal neuropathy |
| What 2 hormones and at what levels can lead to ED | dec TesT and High PRL |
| When PRL is high, what affect does it have on a man LT ED | inhib FSH & LH prod |
| what class of drugs are known to be drug-induced cx's of ED | anti-psychotics, anti-hypertensives, anti-depressives |
| why would a prob c/ the vascular sys cx ED | penis ~90% vascular, athersclerosis and other Dec flow prob would inhib erection capability |
| BPH is an ___-related, ______ enlargement, of the _____ | age, non-malignant, prostate |
| BPH is charac by the formation of ____ around the ____ (a.k.a. peri____) | large, discrete lesions around the urethra (periurethral region) |
| T/F - BPH is aka Prostate CA, Y? | F; prostatic CA = affects peripheral zones |
| what is cx of BPH | unknown |
| which race has a high and which low percentage of BPH making it a risk-F | African Ameri -H Jap -L |
| consumption of what is a risk-F for BPH | dietary Fat and Meat |
| how are hormonal-F a risk for BPH | lack/D of Test -> dec incidence |
| what affect does BPH have on the urinary sys | applies pressure to the urethra -> urinary hesitation, strain, dribbling, difficult to void urinary bladder |
| S&S of BPH include what?3 | weak urination c/ post void dribbling, freq urination of sm amts, urinating at night whil asleep |
| digital flow exams, urine flow studies, PSAg for screening are all diagnosing procedures for what? | BPH |
| Tx for BPH includes 3 | self-care, medication, surgery |
| Complications c/ BPH include 2 | CA and urinary tract inFx |
| what is the most common non-skin CA in the US | prostate CA |
| second to lung CA is what CA-related death in men in teh US | prostate CA |
| ____ have the highest incidence of prostate CA; Jap and NAmer have the lowest | prostate CA |
| over the maj of prostate CA diagnosed are in men of what age | > 65 |
| what is the etiology of prostate CA | unknown |
| how is prostate CA assoc c/ heredity | 8x > chance if primary relative has prostate CA |
| dieatary consumption of what is a risk-F for prostate CA | dietary fat and red meat |
| what hormones are assoc as a risk-F for prostate CA | Test and Est (mitogens) |
| why is finasteride particulary succ in Prostate CA Tx | inhibits the conversion of Test to di-H2O-TesT |
| what P-cologic class of Ax does finasteride have | chemoprevent by inhibiting 5-alpha-reductase |
| consumption of what is known to be a protective-F agains prostate CA 3 | lycopene, selenium, Vit E |
| there is a red risk assoc c/ prostate CA in men who lack what other prostate abnormality | BPH |
| 98% of primary prostatic CA arewhat type | adenocarinoma |
| what tissue and where is the adenocarcinoma assoc c/ prostate CA found | glandular tissue of epithelial cells; outer portion of prostate |
| by location only, how is BPH diff from prostate CA in where it forms | BPH-around urethra, Prostate CA - outer portion of prostate |
| which type of CA is assoc c/ being present in the periphery of the prostate | prostate CA |
| which type of prostate abnormality is a type of CA classified as multicentric | prostate CA |
| BPH or porstate CA is knwon to metastsis and where | prostate CA to lung and bone |
| what symptoms of prostate CA are present initially | none, asymptomatic |
| when syx develop indicated prostate CA, what can be determined about the CA | locally advanced or metastasis |
| which cyotkine of prostate CA is assoc c/ weight lossand anemia, y? | TNF-a b/c it is a cachexin and inhibits RBC production |
| what CA is assoc c/ low-back pain, fractures indicativ of bone metastasis, weight loss, anemia, and SOB, is present in a lg maj of men >65 | prostate CA |
| BPH could be confused c/ prostae CA in that they both have what similar syx | prostate CA may change voiding patters, depends on size and location |
| PSAg is used to scree for what CA | BPH and Prostate CA |
| how is the diagnosis procedure diff for BPH than for porstate CA | prostate CA msurs PSAg over time for increases to indicate CA |
| how is prostate CA diagnosis confirmed | biopsy |
| what is the Tx for BPH vs. Prostate CA | BPH - medication vs. Prostate CA - surgery, chemo, hormone manipulation |
| what is defined as the inability to concieve a child after _____ of _____ | infertility; 1 yr, unprotected sex |
| what is the diff b/w primary vs. secondary infertility | primary - no prior conception, secondary - infertiltiy after one or more succ pregnancies |
| M or F have a higher chance of being infertile | more W than M are infertile |
| F diagnosis of infertility differs from M in that F have what (2), both ____ 1, men have ___ 1 | pelvic exam and menstral history, both undergo lab tests, men undergo a physical |
| almost _____ of infertility is unexplained | 25% |
| how might a men be infertile c/ his sperm | lack sperm completely or have a low sperm count |
| no sperm prod at all is ____ vs. low sperm count is ____ | azoospermia vs. oligospermia |
| what are cx's of sperm disorders LT infertility | smking, drinking, medication, |
| immunoloigic disorders LT male infertility is when the male ____ | during sperm prod an Ab is present against |
| what might cx the man to have an Ab present during sperm prod 3 | trauma (BTB compromised), surgery, inFx |
| How can hormones can influ male fertiltiy | lack of or too much due to Hypo-Ant Pit-Testis Axis malFx |
| hereditry abnormalitties are known to cx male infertiltiy by _____ | inhereiting damaged DNA c/i sperm LT miscarriage b/c developmt couldnt proceed with male portion |
| what is an ex of a stuructural abnormality LT M infertiltiy | obstruction |
| what in the M repro tract could cx an obstruction LT a structural abnormality 2 | enlarged prostate or testicular torsion |
| give 2 ex of congenital abnormalities assoc c/ M infertiltiy | cryptorchidism and hypospadias |
| how might the BV contribute to male infertiltiy | varicocele |
| what surgery is commonly performed that LT infertility | vasectomy |
| which type of CA assoc c/ the prostate has a higher chance of causing infertility by creating an obstruction | BPH |
| testicular torsion is classified as what type of infertility | struc abnormality |
| testicular torsion is explained as what | twisting of the vas deferens from the tissue not being properly attached to the testis |
| testicular torsion if not corrected can cx what | death of the testis b/c of lack of bloof flow |
| what congenital abnormality is common in pre-mature infants | cryptorchidism |
| what is a condition leading to infertility from the lack of the testis descendig from the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal | cryptorchidism |
| when do the tesis normally descend from the abd cavity | 3 mo post birth |
| how is cryptochordism Txt | surgery and HRT |
| what happens to sperm prod in an undescedned testis and why | lack of sperm production b/c env to hot |
| what has a high incidence assoc c/ testicular torsion and CA | cryptochordism |
| what condition is a congenital defect where the opening of the urethra doesn't reach the tip of the penis | hypospadias |
| where does the opening of the urethra end in hypospadias | newhere along the ventral side of the penis |
| what is the Tx for hypospadias? | surdery c/ foreskin 6-12 mo post birth |
| what is a condition of the M LT infertility in which the veins of the testis begin to enlarge | varicoelle |
| why would varicolle LT infertiltiy | Neg impact on testicular Fx |
| how is varicocele Tx | jock strap or surgery |
| how does varicocelle impact Testicular Fx | change temp creating an unoptimal env for sperm production |
| how common is varicocelle a reason for M infertilti | highest (esp 15 - 35 YOA) |
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