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A&P 1 - Tissue
VET 1200 - Tissues!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epithelial tissue is composed of...and its main job is... | entirely cells ...to COVER THE BODY |
| Epithelial tissue forms... | GLANDS ((structures that secrete useful substances and excrete waste)) |
| What are the 4 types of tissue? | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous |
| Connetive tissue is composed of...and its main job is... | cells and intercellular tissue (FIBERS); holds body together and GIVES SUPPORT |
| Three types of specialized connective tissue are | Blood, Bone, and Cartilage |
| Muscle tissue is responsible for.. | movement of the body (inside and out) |
| The three types of muscle tissue are... | Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac |
| Skeletal muscles do what? | Moves bone under conscious nervous system control |
| Smooth muscles do what? | Under "automatic" (involuntary) control, responsible for peristalsis (digestive and urinary tract) |
| Cardiac Muscles do what? | maintains heart function - involuntary |
| Nervous tissue does what? | transmits information around the body and controls body funtion |
| Cell layers are referred to as either ______ or ________ | *Simple (little protection to underlying tissue, single layer) *Stratified (thick, multi-layered) |
| Cells can be ________-,___________, or ________ shaped. | Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar |
| This type of epithelial cell APPEARS to be stratified, however it is actually simple | PSEUDOstratified Columnar |
| Nervous tissue cells are called ________ | Neurons |
| The three parts of a neuron are the ________, ________, and the ________. What are their funtions? | Perikaryon (cell body; nucleus), dendrites (short, cytoplasmic extentions; RECEIVE impulses), and axons (long, single extention; conducts impulses AWAY from the cell body). |
| Neuroglial cells support the | neurons |
| Each epithelial cell has a _______ surface, and a ________ surface. | Basal, apical |
| The apical surface faces the... | Lumen; or outside of the organ |
| The basal surface faces the... | basal lamina and blood vessels |
| Functions of epithelial cells/tissues are: Hint: A - S&E | ABSORB nutrients, manufacture SECRETIONS (within the body) and EXCRETIONS (remove from the body) |
| Epithelial tissues also P - F - R | PROTECT underlying tissues, FILTER biochemical substances, and RECEPTION of sensory input |
| _________ surfaces are connected to neighboring cells by ________________ _______________ | LATERAL surfaces are connected to neighboring cells by JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES |
| TRUE or FALSE Epithelial cells are avascular | TRUE Epithelial cells ARE avascular |
| TRUE OR FALSE Most epithelial cells are innervated | TRUE Mose epithelial cells are innervated |
| Cellular attachment Three types of cellular juntions are: | Tight junctions, Desmosomes, Gap juntions |
| Tight Junctions are found in tissues where there can be no leaks, such as in the_________ and __________ tract | urinary bladder and digestive tract |
| Tight junctions: are mechanical coupling formed by __________ that ____________ with one another | formed by MICROFILAMENTS that INTERLOCK with one another |
| Desmosomes - Tonofilaments extend from the plaque into the cytoplasm. Found in tissues that undergo repeated episodes of __________ and _________ (such as skin, heart, uterus) | STRETCHING and TENSION |
| Hemidesmosones link ____________ cells to the __________ membrane. | EPITHELIAL cells to the BASEMENT membrane |
| Gap Junctions are Tubular channel proteins, also known as: | Connexons - Which extend from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another cell |
| Connexons allow the exchange and passage of ___ and ________ | IONS and NUTRIENTS |
| Gap junctions are found in intestinal _________ cells, the _______, and _____ muscle tissue. | Gap junctions are found in intestinal EPITHELIAL cells, the HEART, and SMOOTH muscle tissue. |
| Basement membranes are also called __________ __________. | Basement membranes are also called BASAL LAMINA |
| Basement membranes: are a meshwork of fibers that cements the ________ cells to the underlying ___________ tissue. | Fiber that cements the EPITHELIAL cells to the underlying CONNECTIVE tissue. |
| TRUE or FALSE: Basement membranes vary in thickness | TRUE - Basement membranes vary in thickness |
| Basement membranes help prevent the cell from being torn off by __________ __________. | Basement membranes help prevent the cell from being torn off by INTRALUMINAL PRESSURE. |
| Basement membranes act as a parietal barrier between the ___________ cells and the underlying ___________ tissue. | Act as a parietal barrier between the EPITHELIAL cells and the underlying CONNECTIVE tissue. |
| The apical surface faces the outside, or _________ of the organ. | The apical surface faces the outside, or LUMEN of the organ. |
| Surfaces of epithelial cells vary depending on where they are located and what roll they play in the function of the tissue; possible surface types are: (4 types) | Microvilli (brush border - increases surface area) Cilia, Keratin (waterproof), and Smooth (blood vessels) |
| Epithelial tissue can have two layer classifications, which are: | Simple and Stratified |
| What are the three types of shapes of epithelial cells? | Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar |
| How can you tell if a layer is pseudostratified columnar? | By the location of the nulei |
| Simple Squamous are flat and smooth, fragile and thin, and are found in __________ surfaces | LINING surfaces |
| Simple squamous cells are involved in the passage of either ___ or ______ (ex. alveoli) | Simple squamous cells are involved in the passage of either GAS or LIQUID |
| Simple Cuboidal cells are a _______ layer of ____ shaped cells | simple cuboidal cells are a SINGLE layer of CUBE shaped cells |
| Simple cuboidal cells have ______, dark staining nuclei aligned in a ______ row. | Simple cuboidal cells have a ROUND, dark-staining nuclei aligned in a SINGLE row. |
| Simple cuboidal cells occur in areas of the body where s________ and a_________ take place (ex. ovaries, kidney, liver) | Simple cuboidal cells occur in areas of the body where SECRETION and ABSORPTION take place. |
| Simple columnar are e________ and closely packed together. | Simple columnar are ELONGATED and tightly packed together. |
| Unlike pseudostratified columnar, simple columnar nuclei are aligned in a ___ at the base of the cell, near the basement membrane. | Simple columnar nuclei are aligned in a ROW at the base of the cell, near the basement membrane |
| Simple columnar cells are found in many e________ ducts as well as the d________ tract. | found in many EXCRETORY ducts as well as the DIGESTIVE tract. |
| Goblet cells secret m____ in the gut. | Goblet cells secret MUCUS in the gut. |
| Stratified Squamous cells are _____ layered. | Stratified squamous cells are MULTIlayered (stratified = thick = many layers) |
| Stratified squamous cells are found in regions of the body that are subject to m________ and c________ stress. (ex. esophagus, rectum, vagina) | stratified squamous cells are subject to MECHANICAL and CHEMICAL stress |
| Stratified Squamous cells p______ underlying tissue | Stratified squamous cells PROTECT underlying tissue. |
| Stratified cuboidal are usually found in t__ layers | TWO layer |
| Stratified cuboidal are found primarily along large e________ glands (ex. sweat, mammary glands. | Stratified cuboidal are found primarily along large EXCRETORY glands, such as SWEAT and MAMMARY glands. |
| Stratified columnar cells are r___, and only in select parts of the r__________, d_______, and r___________ systems. | stratified columnar cells are RARE and found in select parts of the RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE, and REPRODUCTIVE systems. |
| Stratified columnar cells main function is in s________ and p________. | SECRETION and PROTECTIONS. |
| Pseudocolumnar are "false" s_________ | False stratified |
| How can you differentiate between pseudostratified columnar and simple columnar? | Pseudocolumnar will have non-uniform nuclei locations, as simple columnar nuclei will be lined up in a row. |
| Some pseudostratified columnar cells will not reach the ______ surface. | LUMINAL |
| pseudostratified columnar cells are found in the r__________ tract, and in portions of the male r___________ tract | RESPIRATORY tract and portions of the male REPRODUCTIVE tract. |
| Transitional epithelium is also called s_______ epithelium, with a basal layer of c_______ or c_______ cells. | stratified epithelium, with a basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cells. |
| Transitional epithelium cells are found in areas of the body required to e_____ and c_______, as part of their normal function (ex. bladder) | EXPAND and CONTRACT |
| Glandular Epithelia consists of what two types of gland? | ENDOcrine and EXOcrine |
| Endocrine glands ___ have a duct | Endocrine glands DO NOT have a duct |
| Exocrine glands ____ have a duct | Exocrine glands DO have a duct |
| Glands that do not have ducts or tubules and whose secretions are distributed throughout the body are known as: | ENDOcrine glands |
| Glands that discharge secretions via ducts directly into local areas are known as: | EXOcrine glands |
| This gland produces and secretes hormones into the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. | Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream and lymphatic system. |
| This gland produces enzymes, and can also be uni OR multi cellular | Exocrine glands produce enzymes, as well as be uni or multi-cellular. |
| The goblet cell is the only ___crine gland that does NOT have a duct, they are also unicellular. | The goblet cell is the only EXOcrine gland that does NOT have a duct. |
| Goblet cells secrete m____ and proteoglycans (ie. mucus) | Goblet cells secrete MUCIN |
| Goblet cells are ductless and composed of modified c_______ epithelial cells. | Columnar epithelial cells. |
| Goblet cells are only found among c_______ cells of the respiratory and digestive tract, as well as the conjunctiva of the eye. | Goblet cells are only found among COLUMNAR cells. |
| Ducts: Simple: main duct that is ________ Compound: main duct that is _______ | Simple duct: UNbranched Compound duct: Branched |
| Two shapes of secretory portions: T_______: secretory cells form a long channel of EVEN WIDTH | TUBULAR: long channel of even width |
| A_______ OR A_____: secretory unit forms a ROUNDED SAC | Alveolar or Acinar: secretory unit forms a rounded sac |
| These secretory units possess both _______ and _______ qualities | Tubuloalveolar or Tubuloacinar secretory units possess both tubular and alveolar qualities. |
| Exocrine gland produce two types of secretions: M_____ secretions and S_____ secretions | Exocrine glands produce Mucous secretions and Serous secretions. |
| Serous secretions are _______ in consistency, and contain a high concentration of _______ | Serous secretions are WATERY and contain a high concentration of ENZYMES. |
| Mucous secretions are _______ and _______ in consistency, and are composed of _____________. | Mucous secretions are THICK and VISCOUS, and are made of GLYCOPROTEINS |
| Mixed exocrine glands contain both ______ and ______ components. | mucous and serous |
| Merocrine glands package their secretions and release them via __________ as they are manufactured | Merocrine gland package their secretions and release them via EXOCYTOSIS |
| Apocrine glands STORE their secretions and then _______ the TOP PART of the cell into the duct system | Apocrine glands store their secretions and then RELEASE the top part of the cell into the duct system; therefore LOSING the top portion of the cell. |
| Holocrine glands store their secretions and then release the _______ contents of the cell | Holocrine glands store their secretions and then release the ENTIRE contents of the cell (Holo- = all) |
| Connective Tissue is the ____ ________ type of tissue by weight | connective tissue is the MOST ABUNDANT tissue by weight. |
| Connective tissue forms metabolic and s_______ connections between other tissues | Con tissue forms STRUCTURAL connections between other tissues |
| Connective tissue forms a _______ sheath around organs and helps i_______ the body | Con tissue forms a PROTECTIVE sheath around organs and helps INSULATE the body |
| Connective tissue acts as a reserve for e____ | ENERGY |
| Connective tissue provides the f_____ that s______ the body | Con tissue provides the FRAME that SUPPORTS the body |
| Connective tissue composes the medium that t________ substances from one region of the body to another | Con tissue provides the medium that TRANSPORTS substances around the body |
| ___________ tissue plays a role in the h______ process in the body and controls m____________ | CONNECTIVE tissue plays a role in the HEALING process; controls MICROORGANISMS |
| Connective tissue is composed of Extracellular m_____; which are nonliving, and c_____; which are living. | extracellular MATRIX (nonliving), and CELLS (living) |
| Extracellular Matrix is composed of extracellular f______ and g_____ substances | E. Matrix is composed of FIBERS and GROUND substances |
| The three types of living connective tissue cells are f_____ cells, w________ cells, and m___ cells. | FIXED, WANDERING, and MAST cells |
| The three types of extracellular fibers are _____________ (white fibers, _____________ (yellow fibers), and _________ fibers. | Collagenous fibers (white), Elastic fibers (yellow), and Reticular fibers, |
| Collagenous fibers (white) are t_____ stand of c_______ | White fibers are THICK stands of COLLAGEN. |
| Collagen fibers are organized into bundles of long, p______ fibrils composed of bundled micro_______ | Collagen fibers are organized into bundles of long, PARALLEL fibril composed of bundled microFIBRILS |
| Collagen fiber can be found in t______ and l________ | Collagen (white) fibers can be found in TENDONS and LIGAMENTS |
| Elastic fibers (yellow) are b_______ networks composed of the protein e______ | Elastic fibers (yellow) are BRANCHED networks composed of the protein ELASTIN |
| Elastic fibers are composed of coiled bundles of m_________ | elastic fibers are composed of coiled bundles of MICROFIBRILS |
| Elastic fibers are found in tissue subjected to s_______ (ex. vocal cords, lungs, skin, wall of blood vessels) | Elastic fibers are found in tissue subjteced to STRETCHING |
| Reticular fibers are t___, delicate, branched networks of c_______ | Reticular fibers are THIN, networks of COLLAGEN. |
| Reticular fibers provide support for highly c______ organs (endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver) | Reticular fibers provide support for highly CELLULAR organs |
| Ground substances DO/DO NOT have a nucleus? | Ground substances DO NOT have a nucleus |
| Ground substances are the medium to which cells exchange n_________ and w____ with the bloodstream | Ground substances: allow cells to exchange NUTRIENTS and WASTE with the blood stream. |
| TRUE or FALSE Ground substances are amorphhus, homogeneous material | TRUE - Ground substances are amorphous, homogeneous materials. |
| Ground substances range in texture from l_____ or g__ to a calcified s_____ | Liquid or gel to a calcified solid. |
| Ground substances serve as an effective obstacle for invading m___________ | microorganisms |
| F______ cells are involved in the production and maintenance of the matrix of: Adipocytes, reticular cells, oseoblasts, chondroblasts, and fibroblasts | FIXED cells are involved in the production and maintenance of adipocytes, reticular cells, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and fibroblasts. |
| W________ cells are involved in the repair and protections of WBC, microphages, and Mast cells | WANDERING cells : leukocytes, microphages, mast cells |
| M____ cells are oval shaped, contain h_________ and h______; initiate the inflammatory response | MAST cells are oval shaped, conain HISTAMINE and HEPARIN; |
| Areolar, reticular, and adipose tissue are all L______ connective tissue | Areolar, reticular, and adipose tissue are all LOOSE connective tissues |
| D____ connective tissue is tightly packed arrangements of collagen fibers | DENSE connective tissue is tightly packed arrangements of collagen fibers |
| The three types of dense connective tissue are: (hint) D.R; D.I; E | Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic |
| Areolar Connective tissue is L_____ connective tissue, | Loose |
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