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Why did the Progressive movement fragment by 1920?
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What did the larger middle class want for their new business civilization?
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A.P.U.S.H. Ch. 27
Republican Resurgence and Decline
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why did the Progressive movement fragment by 1920? | People were upset about the U.S.'s involvement in WWI, Wilson's unsympathetic response to the labor strikes of 1919-20, the discrimination farmers had faced as a result of the wartime price controls, the religious fundamentalism and Prohibition movements. |
| What did the larger middle class want for their new business civilization? | They wanted a new set of business values that excluded monopoly and restriction, but included mass production, mass consumption, high wages, short hours, full employment, and welfare capitalism. |
| What elements of Progressivism remained? | Their advocacy for "good government" and broader public services remained strong on the state and local levels. |
| Who was Warren Gamaliel Harding? | The Republican senator from Ohio, who was a conservative, old-fashioned moralist, though he drank bootleg liquor during Prohibition, smoked and chewed tobacco, played poker, and had affairs with women, while married to his wife, "Duchess". |
| Why was Warren Gamaliel Harding an appealing presidential candidate for the 1920 election? | The voters saw him as handsome, charming, lovable, humble, and preferred him for his promise to return the U.S. to normalcy and prioritize its welfare over international ventures. |
| Who were the Democratic candidates for the 1920 election? | The Democrats nominated James Cox, a newspaper publisher and governor of Ohio, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the assistant secretary of the navy. |
| Who were the positive contributors of the Harding administration? | Charles Evans Hughes was secretary of state, Andrew Mellon was in the Treasury Department, and Henry Wallace was in the Agriculture Department. |
| What was the major problem with the Harding administration? | The Harding administration included the Ohio Gang, who met with Harding in a house on K street to hang out and relax, as well as a secretary of the interior that was imprisoned and an attorney general that was nearly imprisoned. |
| What did the Harding administration do to Progressive measures? | Harding appointed 4 conservatives to the Supreme Court, including Chief Justice William Howard Taft, established a pro-business tone, and raised tariffs. |
| What did Chief Justice William Howard Taft do against Progressivism? | Taft struck down the federal child-labor law, minimum-wage law for women, issued injunctions against striking labor unions, and limited the powers of federal regulatory agencies. |
| What was the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921? | The congressional legislature that created a new Bureau of the Budget to prepare a unified federal budget and a General Accounting Office to audit the accounts, thus realizing the Progressive goal to bring efficiency and nonpartisanship. |
| What was the Revenue Act of 1926? | The legislature that extended further benefits to high-income groups by lowering estate taxes and repealing the gift tax. |
| What were the results of the Revenue Act of 1926? | The Act fostered gainful enterprise and fueled the speculative excess of the 1920s. |
| What was the Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922? | The tariff that increased rates on chemical and metal products as a safeguard against the revival of German industries and a token to farmers because it extended the duties on agricultural imports. |
| What were the results of the high tariffs? | The tariffs made it difficult for the foreign nations to sell products in the U.S., so they could not pay the U.S. back for the WWI credits, so the U.S. had to give out extensions and postpone the return. |
| How did the Harding administration regulate the large corporations? | The Harding administration did not dissolve the regulatory agencies, but they named commissioners to promote friendly regulation, conservatives to the ICC, FRB, and FTC, in order to nullify the federal regulation of large corporations. |
| How was the Harding administration more Progressive than the Wilson administration? | The Harding administration reversed Wilson's exclusion of blacks from federal positions, spoke out against vigilante racism, insisted that the "race question" must be addressed, attacked the KKK, and tried to pass an anti-lynching bill. |
| What were the economic policies Andrew Mellon implemented? | Mellon reduced government spending and taxes, gave money to the rich to augment general welfare, and raised tariffs. |
| What was the Veterans Bureau scandal? | The head of the Veterans Bureau was discovered routinely stealing medical and hospital supplies in 1923, so he resigned, and his legal adviser committed suicide. |
| What were the results of the high tariffs? | The tariffs made it difficult for the foreign nations to sell products in the U.S., so they could not pay the U.S. back for the WWI credits, so the U.S. had to give out extensions and postpone the return. |
| How did the Harding administration regulate the large corporations? | The Harding administration did not dissolve the regulatory agencies, but they named commissioners to promote friendly regulation, conservatives to the ICC, FRB, and FTC, in order to nullify the federal regulation of large corporations. |
| How was the Harding administration more Progressive than the Wilson administration? | The Harding administration reversed Wilson's exclusion of blacks from federal positions, spoke out against vigilante racism, insisted that the "race question" must be addressed, attacked the KKK, and tried to pass an anti-lynching bill. |
| What were the economic policies Andrew Mellon implemented? | Mellon reduced government spending and taxes, gave money to the rich to augment general welfare, and raised tariffs. |
| What was the Veterans Bureau scandal? | The head of the Veterans Bureau was discovered routinely stealing medical and hospital supplies in 1923, so he resigned, and his legal adviser committed suicide. |
| What happened to the Democratic party during the 1924 election? | The Democrats nominated John W. Davis, a Wall Street lawyer from West Virginia, who was more conservative than Coolidge, but their party was suffering from divisions. |
| What was the Attorney General scandal? | The attorney general was implicated for the fraudulent handling of German assets, refused to testify, and was never indicted; his friend shot himself for having an office in the Justice Department, despite not having an official position. |
| What was the Teapot Dome scandal? | Albert B. Fall of the Interior Department allowed petroleum companies exploit the naval oil reserves in Wyoming in exchange for $400,000 bribes from oil tycoons. |
| What was Calvin Coolidge like? | Coolidge believed problems could be solved through passivity, like the Gilded Age, had strong principles, was simple, direct, conservative, and an advocate for business. |
| What was the Veterans Bureau scandal? | The head of the Veterans Bureau was discovered routinely stealing medical and hospital supplies in 1923, so he resigned, and his legal adviser committed suicide. |
| What was the Attorney General scandal? | The attorney general was implicated for the fraudulent handling of German assets, refused to testify, and was never indicted; his friend shot himself for having an office in the Justice Department, despite not having an official position. |
| What was the Teapot Dome scandal? | Albert B. Fall of the Interior Department allowed petroleum companies exploit the naval oil reserves in Wyoming in exchange for $400,000 bribes from oil tycoons. |
| What was Calvin Coolidge like? | Coolidge believed problems could be solved through passivity, like the Gilded Age, had strong principles, was simple, direct, conservative, and an advocate for business. |
| What was President Calvin Coolidge's perspective on business? | Coolidge focused on industrial development, tried to end government regulation of business and industry, reduced taxes and the national debt. |
| How did Calvin Coolidge win the 1924 election? | Coolidge distanced himself from scandals, remained honest and able, was a good administrator, managed Republican factions well, and easily won the party nomination. |
| What happened to the Democratic party during the 1924 election? | The Democrats nominated John W. Davis, a Wall Street lawyer from West Virginia, who was more conservative than Coolidge, but their party was suffering from divisions. |
| What happened to the Progressive party during the 1924 election? | The Progressives formed a party and nominated Robert M. LaFollette, who carried Wisconsin, as well as the support of the Socialists and the AFL. |
| Which industries fueled the economic boom during the 1920s? | The consumer-good industries thrived because consumers had money to spend and time to spend it. |
| How were motion pictures used other than for entertainment? | Movies were used as a means of social criticism, including the racist, pro-Reconstruction film Birth of a Nation in 1915 by D.W. Girffith. |
| How did President Calvin Coolidge use the new technology? | He became the first president to address the nation by radio and did so on a monthly basis. |
| How were airplanes introduced as a means of transportation? | Wilbur and Orville Wright built and flew the first airplane in 1903, but the airplane industry expanded rapidly during WWI because the U.S. had no combat planes, but then it declined as a result of demobilization efforts. |
| What was the Kelly Act of 1925? | The legislature through which the federal government subsidized the airplane industry through airmail contracts. |
| What was the Air Commerce Act of 1926? | The legislature that provided federal funds to aid the advancement of air transportation and navigation, including the construction of airports. |
| Who was Charles A. Lindbergh? | The first person to make a transatlantic flight from New York to Paris in 1927, which won him national heroism and $25000. |
| Who was Amelia Earhart? | The first female to make a transatlantic flight alone in 1932, and she won both the Distinguished Flying Cross and Outstanding American Woman of the Year by Congress, but she disappeared in 1937 attempting to fly around the world. |
| Who was Henry Ford? | The expander of the automobile industry and the founder of the Ford Motor Company in 1903. |
| How did the automobile industry stimulate other industries? | It required steel, rubber, glass, textiles, oil, roads, and encouraged the development of the suburbs, as well as mass production techniques and efficiency. |
| Who was Herbert Hoover? | He was the secretary of commerce, an engineer, managed the Food Administration during WWI, wrote American Individualism, improved the Commerce Department, created the Bureau of Aviation and the Federal Radio Commission, and supported trade-association. |
| What element of Progressivism did the Republicans embrace? | The Republicans embraced the Progressive idea of efficiency in order to drive mass production and consumption. |
| What was associationalism? | The principle Herbert Hoover invented, which was also called cooperative individualism and prescribed a middle way between regulatory and trustbusting traditions to promote voluntary cooperation among businesses. |
| What were trade-associations? | The means through which business leaders within an industry would share information, so they could make plans with confidence and predict costs, prices or markets, and stabilize employment and wages. |
| What happened to the agricultural industry? | The farmers prospered as a result of WWI because they had to feed the Europeans; however, after the war they continued to overproduce, lowering prices, and throwing the South into an early depression. |
| How did technology impact the agricultural industry? | The technological advances allowed farms to become more mechanized and efficient, but it created a gap between farmers able to pay for the technology and those unable. |
| What happened to the Progressive party during the 1924 election? | The Progressives formed a party and nominated Robert M. LaFollette, who carried Wisconsin, as well as the support of the Socialists and the AFL. |
| Which industries fueled the economic boom during the 1920s? | The consumer-good industries thrived because consumers had money to spend and time to spend it. |
| How were motion pictures used other than for entertainment? | Movies were used as a means of social criticism, including the racist, pro-Reconstruction film Birth of a Nation in 1915 by D.W. Girffith. |
| How did President Calvin Coolidge use the new technology? | He became the first president to address the nation by radio and did so on a monthly basis. |
| How were airplanes introduced as a means of transportation? | Wilbur and Orville Wright built and flew the first airplane in 1903, but the airplane industry expanded rapidly during WWI because the U.S. had no combat planes, but then it declined as a result of demobilization efforts. |
| What was the Kelly Act of 1925? | The legislature through which the federal government subsidized the airplane industry through airmail contracts. |
| What was the Air Commerce Act of 1926? | The legislature that provided federal funds to aid the advancement of air transportation and navigation, including the construction of airports. |
| Who was Charles A. Lindbergh? | The first person to make a transatlantic flight from New York to Paris in 1927, which won him national heroism and $25000. |
| Who was Amelia Earhart? | The first female to make a transatlantic flight alone in 1932, and she won both the Distinguished Flying Cross and Outstanding American Woman of the Year by Congress, but she disappeared in 1937 attempting to fly around the world. |
| Who was Henry Ford? | The expander of the automobile industry and the founder of the Ford Motor Company in 1903. |
| How did the automobile industry stimulate other industries? | It required steel, rubber, glass, textiles, oil, roads, and encouraged the development of the suburbs, as well as mass production techniques and efficiency. |
| Who was Herbert Hoover? | He was the secretary of commerce, an engineer, managed the Food Administration during WWI, wrote American Individualism, improved the Commerce Department, created the Bureau of Aviation and the Federal Radio Commission, and supported trade-association. |
| What element of Progressivism did the Republicans embrace? | The Republicans embraced the Progressive idea of efficiency in order to drive mass production and consumption. |
| What was associationalism? | The principle Herbert Hoover invented, which was also called cooperative individualism and prescribed a middle way between regulatory and trustbusting traditions to promote voluntary cooperation among businesses. |
| What were trade-associations? | The means through which business leaders within an industry would share information, so they could make plans with confidence and predict costs, prices or markets, and stabilize employment and wages. |
| What happened to the agricultural industry? | The farmers prospered as a result of WWI because they had to feed the Europeans; however, after the war they continued to overproduce, lowering prices, and throwing the South into an early depression. |
| How did technology impact the agricultural industry? | The technological advances allowed farms to become more mechanized and efficient, but it created a gap between farmers able to pay for the technology and those unable. |
| What was the McNary-Haugen bill of 1924? | The legislature that tried to equalize agricultural benefits through the protective tariff or achieve "parity" by raising domestic prices through the depositing of surpluses on foreign nations. |
| What was President Calvin Coolidge's response to the McNary-Haugne bill? | Coolidge called it unconstitutional, believed it would not be useful, and vetoed it. |
| What were the results of the McNary-Haugen bill? | The bill promoted debates regarding the farm problem as a national problem, and it revived the idea of a political alliance between the South and the West. |
| What events negatively impacted the success of labor unions during the 1920s? | The Red Scare, strikes of 1919, postwar depression of 1921, the open-shop associations, the conservative government, and the nativist sentiments. |
| What was "open shop"? | The theory that implied employers could hire anyone, which resulted in employers discriminating against unionites and refusing to recognize unions. |
| What was a "yellow-dog" contract? | A contract that forced workers to stay out of unions. |
| What other means did employers use to prevent unionized workers? | Employers used labor spies, blacklists, intimidation, coercion, propaganda, welfare capitalism, and industrial democracy. |
| What was industrial democracy? | A means employed by company owners to prevent workers from unionizing that involved welfare capitalism, profit sharing, bonuses, pensions, healthcare, and recreational programs. |
| Why were labor union organizations not promoting the unions' cause? | Samuel Gompers of the AFL died, and William Green, who took his place, was conservative, timid, and did very little. |
| What was the Railway Labor Act of 1926? | The legislature that abolished the Railway Labor Board and substituted it for a new Board of Mediation, and it allowed for railroad unions to form without problems. |
| Why was there so much violence in the South against labor unions? | The large textile mills had prospered during WWI, but following its end, the prices of textiles plummeted resulted in slashed wages, closed mills, raised quotas, and longer working ours. |
| What prompted the Gastonia Strike of 1929? | The largest textile mill in the South, the Loray Mill, slashed the workforce, lengthened the hours, and decreased the wages, so the NTWU encouraged them to strike. |
| What was the National Textile Workers Union? | The Communist rival of the United Textile Workers, who supported communism, and racial equality. |
| What was the Gastonia Strike of 1929? | The managers of the Loray Mill refused to negotiate, the governor of North Carolina dispatched the national guard, a vigilante group attacked the union headquarters, and two people died. |
| What were the results of the Gastonia Strike of 1929? | The strikers were convicted of conspiracy for the murder of the police chief, the shooter of the labor-organizer was found not guilty, the strike collapsed in 1929 because the NTWU could not feed the strikers, and the workers had gone back to work. |
| What was the Republican platform of 1928? | Herbert Hoover was nominated on the platform of present prosperity, tax and debt and cost cutting, protective tariff, rejecting the McNary-Haugen program, and the creation of a farm board to manage surpluses more efficiently. |
| What was the Democratic platform of 1928? | Governor Alfred E. Smith was nominated on a platform of dismissing the McNary-Haugen plan, supporting economic equality of agriculture with other industries, the Volstead Act, and stricter regulation of water power. |
| What was the Volstead Act? | The legislature that provided for the enforcement of Prohibition. |
| How did President Calvin Coolidge respond to Herbert Hoover's victory? | He was skeptical that Hoover could maintain the prosperity, and he claimed Hoover had given him bad advice for 6 years. |
| What did the defeat of the Democrats actually signify? | The party was growing stronger because the votes Democrats were increasing, particularly with disillusioned farmers and workers, who were uniting against the Republicans. |
| What did President Herbert Hoover do to help gutted markets? | Hoover provided federal help for cooperative marketing and implemented higher tariffs on imported farm products. |
| What was the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929? | The congressional legislature that set up a Federal Farm Board to help farm cooperatives market the major commodities and allowed the Board to set up "stabilization corporations" that could buy surpluses. |
| What was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930? | The tariff that carried duties to an all-time high, raised consumer prices, damaged the export trade, hurt farmers, promoted inefficiency, and incited foreign reprisals, but Hoover preferred to go with his party during an election year. |
| What was permanent growth? | The description of the era, beginning in 1921, in which the economy was characterized by get-rich-quick schemes and consumer greed. |
| What was buying stock on margin? | The process through which individuals could make small down payments and borrow the rest from a broker, who held the stock as a security against a down market, and could sell it to cover the buyer's loan on the real estate. |
| What were the warning signs of the Great Depression? | Brokers' loans more than doubled from 1927 to 1929, residential and automobile sales were catching up to the demand, business inventories had risen, and consumer spending, production, employment, and other measures of economic activity had decreased. |
| What sparked the economic downturn associated with the Great Depression? | Stock prices wavered on September 4th, and the stock market collapsed on October 29th. |
| What were the initial sentiments regarding the Great Depression? | Political and business leaders believed the market would rebound, but it never did, and people realized that the economic prosperity of the 1920s was build on weak foundations. |
| What were the political policies that contributed the Great Depression? | The tax reductions were "oversaved" by the general public, hostility towards labor unions discouraged collective bargaining, high tariffs discouraged foreign trade, and lax enforcement of the anti-trust laws. |
| What impact did the gold standard have on the Great Depression? | The only way to stabilize the economy was to let the system reset itself through a downturn, but this resulted in governmental passivity that created the Depression. |
| What were Hoover blankets? | The newspapers that homeless people wrapped around themselves during the winter and had cynically named after Hoover. |
| What was Hoover's response to the Great Depression? | He retained limited government action, advocated for national confidence, owners to maintain businesses, government construction projects, enacted an easier credit policy, reduced taxes, and increased the loans and purchases of the Farm Board. |
| What was a Hooverville? | A squalid settlement that was used to house the homeless and destitute. |
| What was a Hoover Flag? | An empty pocket turned inside out. |
| How did the Democrats exploit the early stages of the Great Depression? |
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