Republican Resurgence and Decline
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| show | People were upset about the U.S.'s involvement in WWI, Wilson's unsympathetic response to the labor strikes of 1919-20, the discrimination farmers had faced as a result of the wartime price controls, the religious fundamentalism and Prohibition movements.
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| show | They wanted a new set of business values that excluded monopoly and restriction, but included mass production, mass consumption, high wages, short hours, full employment, and welfare capitalism.
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| show | Their advocacy for "good government" and broader public services remained strong on the state and local levels.
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| show | The Republican senator from Ohio, who was a conservative, old-fashioned moralist, though he drank bootleg liquor during Prohibition, smoked and chewed tobacco, played poker, and had affairs with women, while married to his wife, "Duchess".
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| show | The voters saw him as handsome, charming, lovable, humble, and preferred him for his promise to return the U.S. to normalcy and prioritize its welfare over international ventures.
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| show | The Democrats nominated James Cox, a newspaper publisher and governor of Ohio, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the assistant secretary of the navy.
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| Who were the positive contributors of the Harding administration? | show 🗑
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| What was the major problem with the Harding administration? | show 🗑
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| What did the Harding administration do to Progressive measures? | show 🗑
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| show | Taft struck down the federal child-labor law, minimum-wage law for women, issued injunctions against striking labor unions, and limited the powers of federal regulatory agencies.
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| What was the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921? | show 🗑
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| show | The legislature that extended further benefits to high-income groups by lowering estate taxes and repealing the gift tax.
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| show | The Act fostered gainful enterprise and fueled the speculative excess of the 1920s.
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| show | The tariff that increased rates on chemical and metal products as a safeguard against the revival of German industries and a token to farmers because it extended the duties on agricultural imports.
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| What were the results of the high tariffs? | show 🗑
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| How did the Harding administration regulate the large corporations? | show 🗑
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| show | The Harding administration reversed Wilson's exclusion of blacks from federal positions, spoke out against vigilante racism, insisted that the "race question" must be addressed, attacked the KKK, and tried to pass an anti-lynching bill.
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| What were the economic policies Andrew Mellon implemented? | show 🗑
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| What was the Veterans Bureau scandal? | show 🗑
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| show | The tariffs made it difficult for the foreign nations to sell products in the U.S., so they could not pay the U.S. back for the WWI credits, so the U.S. had to give out extensions and postpone the return.
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| How did the Harding administration regulate the large corporations? | show 🗑
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| How was the Harding administration more Progressive than the Wilson administration? | show 🗑
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| show | Mellon reduced government spending and taxes, gave money to the rich to augment general welfare, and raised tariffs.
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| show | The head of the Veterans Bureau was discovered routinely stealing medical and hospital supplies in 1923, so he resigned, and his legal adviser committed suicide.
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| show | The Democrats nominated John W. Davis, a Wall Street lawyer from West Virginia, who was more conservative than Coolidge, but their party was suffering from divisions.
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| What was the Attorney General scandal? | show 🗑
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| What was the Teapot Dome scandal? | show 🗑
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| show | Coolidge believed problems could be solved through passivity, like the Gilded Age, had strong principles, was simple, direct, conservative, and an advocate for business.
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| show | The head of the Veterans Bureau was discovered routinely stealing medical and hospital supplies in 1923, so he resigned, and his legal adviser committed suicide.
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| What was the Attorney General scandal? | show 🗑
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| show | Albert B. Fall of the Interior Department allowed petroleum companies exploit the naval oil reserves in Wyoming in exchange for $400,000 bribes from oil tycoons.
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| What was Calvin Coolidge like? | show 🗑
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| show | Coolidge focused on industrial development, tried to end government regulation of business and industry, reduced taxes and the national debt.
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| show | Coolidge distanced himself from scandals, remained honest and able, was a good administrator, managed Republican factions well, and easily won the party nomination.
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| show | The Democrats nominated John W. Davis, a Wall Street lawyer from West Virginia, who was more conservative than Coolidge, but their party was suffering from divisions.
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| show | The Progressives formed a party and nominated Robert M. LaFollette, who carried Wisconsin, as well as the support of the Socialists and the AFL.
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| show | The consumer-good industries thrived because consumers had money to spend and time to spend it.
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| show | Movies were used as a means of social criticism, including the racist, pro-Reconstruction film Birth of a Nation in 1915 by D.W. Girffith.
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| How did President Calvin Coolidge use the new technology? | show 🗑
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| How were airplanes introduced as a means of transportation? | show 🗑
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| show | The legislature through which the federal government subsidized the airplane industry through airmail contracts.
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| show | The legislature that provided federal funds to aid the advancement of air transportation and navigation, including the construction of airports.
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| Who was Charles A. Lindbergh? | show 🗑
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| show | The first female to make a transatlantic flight alone in 1932, and she won both the Distinguished Flying Cross and Outstanding American Woman of the Year by Congress, but she disappeared in 1937 attempting to fly around the world.
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| show | The expander of the automobile industry and the founder of the Ford Motor Company in 1903.
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| show | It required steel, rubber, glass, textiles, oil, roads, and encouraged the development of the suburbs, as well as mass production techniques and efficiency.
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| Who was Herbert Hoover? | show 🗑
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| show | The Republicans embraced the Progressive idea of efficiency in order to drive mass production and consumption.
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| What was associationalism? | show 🗑
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| What were trade-associations? | show 🗑
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| show | The farmers prospered as a result of WWI because they had to feed the Europeans; however, after the war they continued to overproduce, lowering prices, and throwing the South into an early depression.
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| How did technology impact the agricultural industry? | show 🗑
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| show | The Progressives formed a party and nominated Robert M. LaFollette, who carried Wisconsin, as well as the support of the Socialists and the AFL.
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| Which industries fueled the economic boom during the 1920s? | show 🗑
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| How were motion pictures used other than for entertainment? | show 🗑
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| How did President Calvin Coolidge use the new technology? | show 🗑
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| How were airplanes introduced as a means of transportation? | show 🗑
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| What was the Kelly Act of 1925? | show 🗑
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| show | The legislature that provided federal funds to aid the advancement of air transportation and navigation, including the construction of airports.
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| show | The first person to make a transatlantic flight from New York to Paris in 1927, which won him national heroism and $25000.
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| show | The first female to make a transatlantic flight alone in 1932, and she won both the Distinguished Flying Cross and Outstanding American Woman of the Year by Congress, but she disappeared in 1937 attempting to fly around the world.
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| show | The expander of the automobile industry and the founder of the Ford Motor Company in 1903.
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| show | It required steel, rubber, glass, textiles, oil, roads, and encouraged the development of the suburbs, as well as mass production techniques and efficiency.
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| show | He was the secretary of commerce, an engineer, managed the Food Administration during WWI, wrote American Individualism, improved the Commerce Department, created the Bureau of Aviation and the Federal Radio Commission, and supported trade-association.
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| What element of Progressivism did the Republicans embrace? | show 🗑
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| What was associationalism? | show 🗑
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| What were trade-associations? | show 🗑
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| What happened to the agricultural industry? | show 🗑
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| How did technology impact the agricultural industry? | show 🗑
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| What was the McNary-Haugen bill of 1924? | show 🗑
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| show | Coolidge called it unconstitutional, believed it would not be useful, and vetoed it.
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| What were the results of the McNary-Haugen bill? | show 🗑
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| What events negatively impacted the success of labor unions during the 1920s? | show 🗑
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| show | The theory that implied employers could hire anyone, which resulted in employers discriminating against unionites and refusing to recognize unions.
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| What was a "yellow-dog" contract? | show 🗑
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| show | Employers used labor spies, blacklists, intimidation, coercion, propaganda, welfare capitalism, and industrial democracy.
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| What was industrial democracy? | show 🗑
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| show | Samuel Gompers of the AFL died, and William Green, who took his place, was conservative, timid, and did very little.
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| What was the Railway Labor Act of 1926? | show 🗑
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| show | The large textile mills had prospered during WWI, but following its end, the prices of textiles plummeted resulted in slashed wages, closed mills, raised quotas, and longer working ours.
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| What prompted the Gastonia Strike of 1929? | show 🗑
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| show | The Communist rival of the United Textile Workers, who supported communism, and racial equality.
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| What was the Gastonia Strike of 1929? | show 🗑
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| What were the results of the Gastonia Strike of 1929? | show 🗑
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| show | Herbert Hoover was nominated on the platform of present prosperity, tax and debt and cost cutting, protective tariff, rejecting the McNary-Haugen program, and the creation of a farm board to manage surpluses more efficiently.
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| show | Governor Alfred E. Smith was nominated on a platform of dismissing the McNary-Haugen plan, supporting economic equality of agriculture with other industries, the Volstead Act, and stricter regulation of water power.
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| What was the Volstead Act? | show 🗑
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| show | He was skeptical that Hoover could maintain the prosperity, and he claimed Hoover had given him bad advice for 6 years.
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| show | The party was growing stronger because the votes Democrats were increasing, particularly with disillusioned farmers and workers, who were uniting against the Republicans.
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| show | Hoover provided federal help for cooperative marketing and implemented higher tariffs on imported farm products.
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| show | The congressional legislature that set up a Federal Farm Board to help farm cooperatives market the major commodities and allowed the Board to set up "stabilization corporations" that could buy surpluses.
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| show | The tariff that carried duties to an all-time high, raised consumer prices, damaged the export trade, hurt farmers, promoted inefficiency, and incited foreign reprisals, but Hoover preferred to go with his party during an election year.
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| What was permanent growth? | show 🗑
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| What was buying stock on margin? | show 🗑
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| What were the warning signs of the Great Depression? | show 🗑
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| show | Stock prices wavered on September 4th, and the stock market collapsed on October 29th.
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| What were the initial sentiments regarding the Great Depression? | show 🗑
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| What were the political policies that contributed the Great Depression? | show 🗑
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| What impact did the gold standard have on the Great Depression? | show 🗑
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| What were Hoover blankets? | show 🗑
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| show | He retained limited government action, advocated for national confidence, owners to maintain businesses, government construction projects, enacted an easier credit policy, reduced taxes, and increased the loans and purchases of the Farm Board.
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| show | A squalid settlement that was used to house the homeless and destitute.
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| What was a Hoover Flag? | show 🗑
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