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HA Ch. 5
The Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cartilage locations | external ear & nose |
| articular cartilages | ends of bones and movable joints |
| costal cartilages | connect ribs to the sternum |
| PIT | pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, trachea, larynx, epiglottis |
| cartilage is made up of a | firm, gel-like matrix that has polysaccharides called chondroitin sulfate |
| chondroitin sulfate combines with proteins to form | proteoglycans |
| chondrocytes | mature cartilage cells that occupy the lucanae and are surrounded by extracellular matrix of ground substance, fibers and water |
| physical properties of cartilage depend on... | nature of matrix (water content can be from 60-80% of its makeup) |
| collagen fibers provide | tensile strength |
| extracellular fibers and ground substance confer | flexibility and resilience |
| cartilage is | avascular but not innervated |
| cartilage tissue is surrounded by a | fibrous perichondrium (outer DICT inner cellular layer) |
| perichondrium resists | outward expansion of cartilage under pressure |
| perichondrium functions in the | growth and repair of cartilage |
| types of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, fibro |
| hyaline cartilage | most abundant in body, collagen fibers predominate, provides support through flexibility and resilience |
| elastic cartilage | elastic fibers predominate, tolerates repeated bending (external ear) |
| fibrocartilage | thick collagen fibers predominate, resists strong compression and strong tension forces |
| growth mechanisms | appositional (outside) interstitial (from within) |
| appositional growth | chondroblasts in perichondrium undergo repeated cycles of division to produce new cartilage tissue |
| chondroblasts | cartilage-forming stem cells |
| stem cells of the inner layer differentiate into | chondroblasts |
| immature chondroblasts... | secrete matrix |
| as the matrix grows... | more chondroblasts are incorporated (become mature chondrocytes) and are replaced by divisions of stem cells in the inner layer |
| this mechanism of outside growth... | gradually increases the outer dimensions of the cartilage |
| interstitial growth occurs when | chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and their daughter cells secrete new matrix |
| As daughter cells secrete additional matrix.. | they seperate and consequently expand the cartilage from within |
| neither grown mechanism... | occurs in adult cartilage |
| most cartilages... | cannot repair themselves after a severe injury |
| bone support | weight of the body and cradles its soft organs (attachment of soft tissue and organs) |
| protection | protects organs |
| movement | act as levers for muscles to pull on |
| bones do mineral storage of | calcium mainly and also phosphate |
| blood-cell formation | red bone marrow makes the blood cells, yellow bone marrow is a site for fat storage |
| classification of bones | long, short, flat, irregular |
| long bones | elongatedshape (not based on overall size) |
| short bones | roughly cube-shaped, includes sesamoid bones |
| sesamoid bones | small, flat, round. develop inside tendons (kneecap) |
| flat bones | thin, flattened, usually somewhat curved shape; cranial bones |
| irregular bones | various shapes that don't fit into previous categories (hip bones) |
| pneumatized bones | hollow and contain numerous air pockets |
| parietal bones | internal and external tables, seperated by a spongy bone layer called the diploe |
| sutural bones | small, flat, oddly shaped and found betweenthe flat bones of the skull in the suture line. |
| compact bone | external layer, smooth, homogenous appearance, dense and solid |
| spongy bone | cancellous bone (internal)honeycomb of trabeculae with open spaces in between, which are filled with red and yellow bone marrow (struts and plates) |
| trabeculae | connective tissue partition that subdivides an organ |
| diaphysis | shaft or long axis of bone |
| epiphyses | bone ends (proximal and distal), each articulating (joint) surface is covered with articular cartilage |
| epiphyseal line | remnant of epiphyseal plate, which is a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood |
| metaphysis | area between the epiphyses and diaphysis |
| nutrient arteries and veins together run through... | nutrient foramen - a hole in wall of diaphysis - to supply the diaphysis |
| arteries nourish.. | the bone marrow and spongy bone, their branches extend outward to help supply compact bone |
| epiphyseal arteries and veins | serve each epiphysis in the same way |
| medullary or marrow cavity | center of diaphysis, contains no bone tissue and is filled with yellow bone marrow and loose connctive tissue |
| skeletal membranes | internal and external bone coverings: periosteum, endosteum |
| periosteum | membrane of connective tissue that covers the entire outer surface of each bone except the ends of epiphyses |
| periosteum is the superficial layer of... | DICT |
| periosteum's deep layer has | osteoblasts (bone-depositing) and osteoclasts (bone destroying) |
| periosteum is | richly innervated and vascularized!! (supplied by branches from nutrient and epiphyseal vessels) |
| sharpey's fibers | thick bundles of collagen that secure the periosteum to underlying bone |
| sharpey's fibers also provide | insertion points for tendons and ligaments |
| enodsteum | thinner membrane of CT that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the medullary cavity |
| endosteum also contains | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| short, irregular, and flat bone's structure... | same composition as long bones |
| long bone composition | compact bone covered by periosteum, spongy bone covered by endosteum, NO diaphysis, NO medullary cavity, trabeculae of spongy bone is filled with bone marrow |
| in flat bones | diploe = internal spongy bone |
| compression stress | loading off center threatens to bend the bone by compressing the bone on one side and stretching it on the other side |
| strong compact bone tissue in external region... | resists maximal compression and tension forces |
| compression and tension forces... | cancel eachother out in internal spongy regions |
| spongy bone and marrow cavities serve... | to lighten the heavy skeleton and accommodate bone marrow |
| trabeculae of spongy bone align along.. | stress lines in origanized pattern to provide support along the stress lines |
| osteon (mature, compact bone) | haversian system: basic functional unit that is long, cylindrical and oriented parallel to the long axis of bones and to the main compression stresses |
| osteon is also referred to as | the weight bearing pillars |
| general structure of osteon | a central canal is surrounded by concentric lamellae |
| concentric lamellae | bulls eye target around central canal |
| interstitial lamellae | fill spaces between osteons in compact bone |
| cicrumferential lamellae | external and internal surfaces of bone |
| lamella | concentric layer of bone matrix in which all the collagen fibers run in a single direction |
| central canal | lined by endosteum, vascularized, innervated |
| perforating (volkmann's) canals | connect blood and nerve supply of periosteum to that of the central canals and the medullary cavity |
| osteocytes | spider-shaped mature bone cells that occupy lacunae |
| osteocyte's spider legs | processes occupy |
| cicrumferential lamellae | external and internal surfaces of bone |
| lamella | concentric layer of bone matrix in which all the collagen fibers run in a single direction |
| central canal | lined by endosteum, vascularized, innervated |
| canaliculi | mode of communication and supplying osteocytes with nutrients |
| osteocytes are essential for... | maintaing the bone matrix |
| spongy bone's trabeculae contains... | several layers of lamellae and osteocytes, but NO OSTEONS or blood vessels of its own |
| osteocytes are nourished by... | capillaries located in the endosteum surrounding the trabeculae |
| what are the bone cells? | osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells that are completely surrounded by hard bone matrix; occupy lacunae |
| osteoblasts | immature, bone-forming cells, synthesize osteoid via the process of osteogenesis |
| osteogenesis | production of a new bone |
| osteoclasts | large multi-nucleated cells that help dissolve the bony matrix through the process of osteolysis |
| osteoclasts also regulate | calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids |
| osteolysis | erosion processes that increase calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids |
| extracellular matrix of CT, collagen fibers, ground substance, water and mineral crystals consists... | largely of crystals of hydroxyapatite |
| organic part of the extracellular matrix is comprised of... | collagen fibers, which provides tensile strength |
| osteoid | organic part of matrix BEFORE it mineralizes or calcifies |
| inorganic part is comprised of... | crystals of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SALTS which precipitate in the matrix and make the bone hard and able to resist compression |
| bone development | osteogenesis or ossifications |
| ossification | formation of bone tissue |
| calcification | deposition of calcium salts within a tissue |
| intramembraneous ossification | dermal ossification, of embryonic mesenchyme |
| IO forms...and begins when... | membrane bones...osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue, at an ossification center |
| IO ultimately produces... | spongy or compact bone |
| what first appears in IO? | network of bone tissues woven around capillaries (woven bone tissue) that gets remodeled into a flat bone |
| endochondrial ossification | of a hyaline cartilage model (late in embryonic period) |
| EO forms... | all other bones = endochondral or cartilage bones |
| EO starts with | the formation of cartilaginous model |
| hyaline cartilage model is... | gradually replaced by osseous tissue |
| the length of a developing bone... | increases at the epiphyseal cartilage which seperates the diaphysis from the epiphysis |
| new cartilage is added... | at the epiphyseal side |
| osseous tissue replaces... | older cartilage at diaphyseal side |
| time of closure of epiphyseal cartilage... | varies among bones and individuals |
| bone diameter grows via... | appositional growth at the outer surface of the bone |
| chondrocytes of growing cartilage of the epiphyses and the postnatal epiphyseal plates are organized... | into several zones, which allow rapid growth |
| organization of the zones within the epiphyseal cartilage | zone of resting, proliferating, hypertrophy, calcification (RATS PREFER HOUSES WITH CHEESE) |
| postnatal growth of endochondral bones | lengthen during growth through epiphyseal platae cartilages, which close in early adult hood |
| bones increase in width through | appositional growth |
| in appositional growth, the periosteum adds... | bone tissue to its surfaces, while the endosteum's osteoclasts remove bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis wall |
| new bone tissue is continuously... | deposited and reabsorbed |
| deposition and reabsorbtion is in response to... | hormonal or mechanical stresses |
| mineral turnover and recycling allow... | bone to adapt to new stresses |
| calcium is the most... | common mineral in the body (>98% of it is located in skeleton) and is an important mineral for bone health |
| spongy bone is entirely replaced...compact bone... | every 3-4 years; every 10 years |
| bone deposition | osteoblasts secrete osteoid on bone surfaces and calcium phosphate salts crystallize within osteoids |
| bone reabsorption | osteoclasts break down bone by secreting acid and lysosomal enzymes |
| bone reabsorption releases... | calcium and phosphate into the blood |
| PTH | parathyroid hormone; increases reabsorption in response to decreased calcium levels in body fluids |
| compression forces and gravity... | act on skeleton to help maintain bone strength, as bones thicken at sites of stress |
| simple fractures | do not penetrate the skin |
| compoud fractures | penetrate the skin |
| repairing bone fractures through.... | open reduction or closed reduction |
| reduction | realignment of broken bone ends |
| what needs to remain intact to heal a fracture | blood supply, endosteum and periosteum |
| healing stages | fracture hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling of external callus |
| colles' fracture | break in distal portion of radius |
| pott's fracture | occurs at the ankle and affects both the tibia and the fibula |
| comminuted fracture | shatters the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments |
| compression fracture | occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses; more common when bones are weakened by osteoporosis |
| depressed fracture | broken portion is pressed inward, typical of skull fracture |
| displaced fracture | break that produces new and abnormal bone arrangement |
| nondisplaced fracture | retains the normal alignment of the bones or fragnments |
| epiphyseal fracture | tends to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying |
| greenstick fracture | only one side of the shaft if broken, and the other is bent; generally occurs in children whose long bones have yet to ossify fully |
| spiral fracture | produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone |
| transverse fracture | a break that occurs along the long axis of the affected bone |
| osteoprogenitor cells | divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts |
| dermal bones | membrane bones |
| osteopenia | inadequate ossification |
| process | any projection or bump |
| ramus | extension of a bone marking |
| trochanter | large, rough projection |
| tuberosity | rough projection |
| tubercle | small, rounded projection |
| crest | prominent ridge |
| line | low ridge |
| spine | a pointed process |
| head | expanded articular end of an epiphysis |
| neck | narrower connection between epiphysis and diaphysis |
| condyle | smooth, rounded articular process |
| trochlea | smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley |
| facet | small, flat, articular surface |
| fossa | shallow depression |
| sulcus | narrow groove |
| foramen | rounded passageway for blood vessels/nerves |
| fissure | an elongated cleft |
| meatus or canal | passageway through substance of a bone |
| sinus or antrum | chamber w/i a bone, filled with air |
Created by:
handrzej
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