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HA Ch. 2
The Cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| somatic cells | soma = body (non sex-cells) |
| extracellular fluid | watery medium that cells float in |
| plasmalemma | (cell membrane) separates the cell contents from the extracellular fluid |
| cytoplasm | cell contents (cytosol and organelles) |
| order of the cell | cytoplasm (cytosol &organelles) and the plasmalemma |
| phospholipid bilayer | two distinct layers. (plasmalemma) |
| cytoskeleton | contains microfilaments and it incresaes the surface area of the cell so that more extracellular material can be absorbed |
| microvilli | contains microtubules and controls the movement of materials over the cell |
| centrosome | strengthand support, movement of cellular structures and materials |
| cilia | essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division |
| ribosomes | create protein |
| mitochondria | turn food energy into ATP energy (95%) of ATP |
| nucleus | controls metabolism, storage and processing of genetic info and control of protein synthesis |
| nuclear evelope | double membrane surrounding the nucleus |
| nucleolus | rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits |
| rough ER | modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins to be sent outside the cell |
| smooth ER | lipid, steriod and carb synthesis; calcium ion storage |
| golgi apparatus | storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes |
| lysosome | intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens |
| peroxisomes | catabolism of fatsand organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process |
| peripheral proteins | membrane protein; attached to inner or outer membrane surface |
| integral proteins | membrane protein embedded IN the membrane (transmembrane) |
| channels | let water molecules, ions, and small water-soluble compounds into/out of the cell |
| functions of the plasmalemma | physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity, structural support |
| cholestoral | stabilizes the membrane structure/maintain fluidity |
| permeability | membrane's effectiveness as a barrier |
| freely permeable | cross w/o difficulty |
| selectively permeable | free passages of some material and restricted passage of others |
| diffusion | net movement of material from an area where concentration is high to where it is low |
| concentration gradient | difference between high and low concentrations |
| carrier proteins | take in essential nutrients that are too large to or non lipid soluble |
| facilitated diffusion | act of carrier proteins bringing in essential nutrients (no ATP is used) |
| receptor site | molecule to be transported binds to this |
| active membrane processes | require energy to move substances against the concentration gradient |
| cells actively transport... | sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium |
| ion pumps | move a specific cation or anion in one direction, either into or out of a cell |
| exchange pump | carrier where one ion moves in one direction and another in another direction |
| pinocytosis | cell drinking; deep grooves form in the plasmalemma and pinch off, nutrients enter the cytoplasm through diffusion or active transport from the enclosed fluid in the pinosomes. |
| phagocytosis | solid objects are taken into the cell (cell eating) works with lysosomes |
| pseudopodia | false foot of phagosome |
| phagocytosis is performed by... | special immune system cells |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | produces coated vesicles that contain specific target molecule in high concentrations |
| ligands | target substance for receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| inclusions | insoluble materials in the cytosol |
| nonmembraneous organelles | always in contact with the cytosol (cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, flagella, ribosomes) |
| membraneous organelles | seperated from the cytoplasm by a membrane (mitochondria, nucleus, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes) |
| myosin | protein that composes microfilaments |
| neurofilaments | intermediate filaments in neurons provide structural support within axons |
| thick filaments | abundant in muscle cells and composed of myosin |
| microtubules | hollow tubesin cells |
| tubulin | protein that build microtubules |
| centriole | direct movement of chromosomes during cell division |
| basal body | cilia anchor to this |
| fixed ribosomes | ribosomes attached to the Rough ER |
| cristae | inside membrane of mitochondria |
| matrix | fluid contents of the mitochondria |
| what lacks a mitochondria? | red blood cells |
| perinuclear space | area enclosed by the nuclear envelope |
| nuclear matrix | network of fine filaments in the nucleoplasm |
| chromosomes | contain DNA wrapped around histone proteins |
| how many pairs of chromosomes are in each nucleus? | 23 |
| cisternae | water reservoir for the ER |
| autolysis | active enzymes that destroy the proteins and organelles in a cell |
| cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) | bind to eachother and to extracellular materials |
| intercellular cement | proteoglycans that hold adjacent cell membranes together |
| cell junctions | tight, communicating, and anchoring |
| tight (occluding) junction | lipid portions of two plasmalemmae are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins |
| communicating (gap/nexuses) junction | two cells are held together by membrane proteins called connexons (epithelial cells) |
| anchoring junction | mechanical linkage between two adjacent cells at their lateral basal surfaces (accomplished by CAMs |
| cell division | cellular reproduction |
| mitosis | division or somatic cells, accounts for the distribution of one copy of genetic material to each of the daughter cells |
| interphase | normal functions of the cell, possibly preparing for division |
| G(0) phase | performing all normal functions |
| G(1) phase | produces enough organelles to make two functional cells |
| S phase | replication of chromosomes, synthesis of DNA and associated histones |
| DNA polymerase | bind to exposed nitrogenous bases during the S phase |
| ligases | short nucleotide chains are held together by this |
| G(2) phase | last-minute protein synthesis |
| steps of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| prophase | chromosomes coil together in a tight bundle, nuclear envelope disappears |
| chromatids | two copies of each chromosomes |
| centromere | chromatids connect here |
| spindle fibers | extend between the centriole pairs |
| astral rays | smaller microtubules that radiate into the surrounding cytoplasm |
| metaphase | spindle fibers pass among the chromosomes as they align at the metaphase plate |
| anaphase | chromatids seperate, daughter chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cell |
| telophase | nuclear membrane formsand nuclei enlarge as chromosomes gradually uncoil. chromosomes disappear and nucleoloi reappear |
| cytokinesis | occurs in late anaphase to completely seperate daughter cells |
| cleavage furrow | cytoplasm constriction along the metaphase plate |
| mitotic rate | rates of cell division (longer life expectancy, the slower the mitotic rate |
| cell theory | building blocks for plants and animals, cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells, cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions |
| passive processes | diffusion, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion |
| factors affecting whether a substance can cross a plasmalemma | size, concentration gradient and the solubility |
| functions of the microfilaments | anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the plasmalemma and to interact with other microfilaments or thick filaments to produce active movement of a portion of a cell |
| fluid mosaic model | 1) thin layer of fluid surrounds the cell 2) outer layer is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer 3) bilayer has lipids and proteins mixed into it |
Created by:
handrzej
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