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A&P 2 - E5 - P3
A&P 2 - Exam 5 - Part 3 - Female Reproductive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The function of the female reproductive system is to ensure continuity of the ________. | genetic code |
| The female reproductive system produces eggs, or female _______, which each may unite with a male gamete to form the first cell of an offspring. | gametes |
| The female reproductive system can provide ______ and _______ to the offspring. | nutrition, protection |
| Reproductive organs are classified as either _______ or _______. | essential, accessory |
| In females, gonads are the paired _______. | ovaries |
| Gametes are ______ produced by the ovaries. | ova |
| The ovaries are _______ genitals. | internal |
| Internal accessory organs include _______ tubes, the _______, and the _______ as well as ducts that extend from the ovaries to the exterior. | uterine, uterus, vagina |
| External accessory organs include the ________. | vulva |
| The _______ is the skin-covered region between the vaginal orifice and the rectum. | perineum |
| The ______ may be torn during childbirth. | perineum |
| The ovaries are _______ glands located on each side of the ________, below and behind the uterine tubes. | nodular, uterus |
| An ________ pregnancy is the development of the fetus in a place other than the uterus. | ectopic |
| The surface of the ovaries is covered by _______. | germinal epithelium |
| Ovarian ________ contain the developing female sex cells. | follicles |
| An ovum is an _______ released from the ovary. | oocyte |
| Ovaries produce ______ which are the female gametes. | ova |
| ________ is the process that results in formation of a mature egg. | oogenesis |
| The ovaries are endocrine organs that secrete the female sex hormones _____ and ______. | estrogens, progesterone |
| The uterus is pear shaped and has two main parts, the ______ and the _______. | cervix, body |
| The wall of the uterus is composed of three layers, the _______, the ________, and the outer incomplete layer of ________. | inner endometrium, middle myometrium, parietal peritoneum |
| The cavities of the uterus are _______ because of the thickness of the _________. | small, uterine wall |
| The blood to the uterus is supplied by _______ arteries. | uterine |
| The uterus is located in the _______ cavity between the urinary bladder and the rectum. | pelvic |
| The ________ of the uterus is altered by age, pregnancy, and distention of related pelvic viscera. | position |
| The uterus descends, between birth and puberty, from the lower ________ to the _________. | abdomen, true pelvis |
| The uterus begins to decrease in size at _______. | menopause |
| The body of the uterus lies flexed over the _______. | bladder |
| The ________ of the uterus points downward and backward, joining the vagina at a right angle. | cervix |
| Several _______ hold the uterus in place but allow some movement. | ligaments |
| The uterus is part of the reproductive tract and permits _____ to ascend toward the uterine tubes. | sperm |
| If ______ occurs, an offspring develops in the uterus. | conception |
| The embryo is supplied with nutrients by _______ glands until the production of the _______. | endometrial, placenta |
| The ______ is an organ that permits the exchange of materials between the mother's blood and the fetal blood but keeps the two circulations _______. | placenta, separate |
| _________ contractions occur during labor and help push the offspring out of the mother's body. | myometrial |
| If conception does not occur, the outer layers of ________ are shed during _______. | endometrium, menstruation |
| Menstruation is a cyclical event that allows the ______ to renew itself. | endometrium |
| Uterine tubes are also called _______ or _______. | fallopian tubes, oviducts |
| Uterine tubes are attached to the _______ at its upper outer angles and extend upward and outward toward the sides of the _______. | uterus, pelvis |
| Uterine tubes consist of ______, ______, and ______. | mucous, smooth muscle, serous lining |
| Mucosal lining is directly continuous with the ______ lining the pelvic cavity. | peritoneum |
| _______ is continuous with that of the vagina and uterus, which means it may become infected with organisms introduced into the vagina. | tubal mucosa |
| Each uterine tube has three divisions: ______, ______, and ______. | isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum |
| Uterine tubes serve as transport channels for ova and as the site of ________. | fertilization |
| The ______ is a collapsible tube capable of distention. | vagina |
| The vagina is composed of _______, and lined with _______ membrane arranged in ________. | smooth muscle, mucous, rugae |
| The ______ wall of the vagina is shorter than the ______ wall because the cervix protrudes into its uppermost portion. | anterior, posterior |
| The vagina acts as a receptacle for ________. | semen |
| The ______ is the lower portion of the birth canal. | vagina |
| The vagina is a transport for tissue shed during ________. | menstruation |
| The vulva consists of the female _______ genitals. | external |
| The ______ consists of the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, vaginal orifice and greater vestibular glands. | vulva |
| The mons pubis and labia ________ the clitoris and vestibule. | protect |
| The ______ contains sensory receptors that send information to the sexual response area of the brain. | clitoris |
| The breasts lie over the ________ muscles. | pectoral |
| ________ and ________ control breast development. | estrogens, progesterone |
| Breast size is determined by the amount of _____ around glandular tissue. | fat |
| The function of mammary glands is _________. | lactation |
| The ________ hormones make the breasts structurally ready to produce milk. | ovarian |
| The shedding of the _______ results in a decrease of ______ and thus stimulates _______. | placenta, estrogens, prolactin |
| ________ stimulates lactation. | prolactin |
| Lactation can provide nutrient-rich milk to offspring for up to _______ from birth. | several years |
| The advantages of breast milk are: nutrients, ________ from _______ present in the milk, and emotional bonding. | passive immunity, antibodies |
| The female reproductive system has many cyclical changes that start with the beginning of _______. | menses |
| Ovaries from birth contain ________ in _______ in which the meiotic process has been suspended. | oocytes, primary follicles |
| At the beginning of menstruation each month, several of the oocytes resume _______. | meiosis |
| ________ will stop again just before the cell is released during _______. | meiosis, ovulation |
| The menstrual cycle is also known as the _______ cycle. | endometrial |
| The menstrual cycle is divided into what 4 phases? | menses, postmenstrual, ovulation, premenstrual |
| The ______ phase of the menstrual cycle is the shedding of the endometrial lining. | menses |
| The ______ phase of the menstrual cycle takes place from the end of menses to ovulation. | postmenstrual |
| The postmenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle is also known as the ________ phase. | preovulatory |
| During the postmenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, high ______ levels occur due to the developing follicle. | estrogens |
| The ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle consists of the release of ________. | ovum |
| The premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle is also known as the ________ phase. | postovulatory |
| During the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle high levels of _________ occur. | progesterone |
| ______ control cyclical changes. | hormones |
| Cyclical changes in the ovaries result from changes in the _______ secreted by the _______. | gonadotropins, pituitary gland |
| Cyclical changes in the uterus are caused by changes in ______ and ______. | estrogens, progesterone |
| Low levels of FSH and LH cause regression of the _______ if pregnancy does not occur. | corpus luteum |
| Low levels of ______ and ______ cause regression of the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur. | FSH, LH |
| A decrease in ______ and ______ triggers endometrial sloughing of the menstrual phase. | estrogen, progesterone |
| Control of cyclical changes in _______ secretion is caused by positive and negative feedback mechanisms and involves estrogens, progesterone, and the hypothalamus secretion of releasing hormones. | gonadotropin |
| Control of cyclical changes in gonadotropin secretion is caused by _________ mechanisms and involves estrogens, progesterone, and the hypothalamus secretion of releasing hormones. | positive and negative feedback |
| Control of cyclical changes in gonadotropin secretion is caused by positive and negative feedback mechanisms and involves estrogens, progesterone, and the hypothalamus secretion of _________. | releasing hormones |
| The ovarian cycle's primary function is to produce _____ at regular intervals. | ovum |
| The ovarian cycle's secondary function is to regulate the ________ cycle through estrogen and progesterone. | endometrial |
| The function of the endometrial cycle is to make the uterus suitable for implantation of a new _______. | offspring |
| Menstrual flow begins at puberty and the menstrual cycle continues for about _______. | 3 to 4 decades |
| The female reproductive system shares a special relationship with the ________ system because of their close proximity and because they share the ________. | urinary, vulva |
| The female reproductive system shares a special relationship with the skeletal muscles in the _________. | perineum |
| The female reproductive system shares a special relationship with the ________ system because breasts are actually modifications of the _______. | integumentary, skin |
| _______ is painful menstruation. | dysmenorrhea |
| _______ dysmenorrhea is not associated with pelvic disease. | primary |
| _______ dysmenorrhea is sometimes caused by oversecretion of uterine prostaglandins. | primary |
| _______ dysmenorrhea is caused by extenuating conditions such as infection, tumors, and structural anomalies. | secondary |
| _______ is the absence of normal menstruation. | amenorrhea |
| _______ results from hormone imbalance rather than infection of disease. | dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) |
| What are 2 types of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)? | salpingitis, oophritis |
| _______ is uterine tube inflammation. | salpingitis |
| _______ is an inflammation of the ovaries. | oophritis |
| _______ is an inflammation of the vagina. | vaginitis |
| _______ is a benign tumor of smooth muscle. | myoma or fibromyoma |
| _______ are benign tumors of connective tissue. | fibroids |
| _______ is the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. | endometriosis |
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