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Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alveolus | where gas exchange occurs; forms sac-like projections from end of bronchiole; responsible for movement of air (O2) into blood, blood into air (CO2) |
| within walls of alveoli... | alveolar cells, macrophages on lining, lymphocytes, fluid w/ surfactant, capillary endothelial cell, RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE • respiratory membrane: |
| respiratory membrane contains... | thin layer of water on surface (condensation mixes w/ surfactant), pink squamous ALVEOLAR CELLS (1st cell layer), capillary ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (2nd cell layer), basement membrane (sandwiched together): where respiratory takes place (movement of gases) |
| inspiration muscles | sternocleidomastoid, scales, external & internal intercostals, pectoralis minor, DIAPHRAGM |
| expiration muscles | expiration is PASSIVE (= release of inspiration muscles); FORCED expiration: internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, external abdominal obliques |
| ventral respiratory group (VRG) | self- stimulating circuits that alternate between muscular contraction (inspiration) and relaxation (expiration); sends out signal to INTEGRATING SYSTEM info about blood pH & pressure --> stimulates inspiratory & expiratory neurons |
| ventilation | = breathing; different than respiration; occurs mostly in DIAPHRAGM |
| Dorsal and Pontine Respiratory Groups (DRG, PRG) | tweeks what happens in ventral group; get info on pH & chemicals; tell when to breath more quickly or deeply, have STRETCH RECEPTORS (tightness in lungs= stop breathing), IRRITANT RECEPTORS (shallow breathing w/ irritant), HYPOTHALAMUS influence |
| Boyle's law | the pressure of a given quantity of gas is INVERSELY proportional to its volume; INspiration: atmospheric pressure > lung pressure; EXpiration: lung pressure > atmospheric pressure |
| Charles' law | the volume of a gas is proportional to its temperature |
| lungs expand with.... | thorax. lungs connected to thorax (though adhere to pleura cavity), surrounded by VISCERAL PLEURA; pull on parietal pleura --> pull on visceral pleura --> expand lung |
| pleural cavity's boundaries | 1. visceral pleura (outermost surrounding lung); pleural cavity in between; 2. Parietal pleura |
| 2 forces of expiration | usually passive; involved ELASTIC RECOIL of thoracic cage & PULMONARY ELASTICITY |
| elastic recoil | like to maintain shape @ end of expiration; during INspiration, thoracic cage moved against normal shape (takes muscle force), retain shape after expiration |
| pulmonary elasticity | elastic fibers wrapping lungs (made of alveoli) stretching & returning to preferred shape |
| atelectasis | = collapsed lung; when elastic recoil allows air to go in & elastic fibers pull lung in (if pierced, allowing air in) |
| at rest, _____ and _____ pressures are equal | atmospheric & intrapulmonary pressures (760 mm Hg), though slightly negative pressure (-4) inside pleural cavity to help adhere lungs to thoracic wall |
| movement of lungs during INSPIRATION | Expand thorax → (due to negative pressure) lungs adhere to thorax, lungs expanded, pulled open; intrapulmonary pressure= (-)3 mm Hg |
| movement during EXPIRATION | External pressure on lungs from thorax PUSH from outside; intrapulmonary pressure= (+)3 mm Hg; Increase volume of lungs→ air flows in, Increase pressure → air flows out, volume goes down |
| resistance to airflow: 3 factors | 1. diameter of bronchi/ bronchioles, 2. pulmonary compliance, 3. surface tension within alveoli |
| diameter of bronchi/ bronchioles | bronchi stay OPEN due to cartilage rigidity; smooth muscles involved can DILATE bronchi via relaxation of muscle= BRONCHODILATION (Chatacholamines: E, NE) , or constrict = BRONCHOCONSTRICTION (via ACh, cold air, irritants, histamine) |
| anatomical dead space | space within conducting system= not gas we can exchange; BRONCHOCONSTRICTION keeps anatomical deal space small = MORE EFFICIENT |
| why limit diameter of respiratory tree? | if large open bronchi, less resistance to flow but more VOLUME contained --> not all air involved in gas exchange (anatomical dead space) --> less volume= more efficiency |
| pulmonary compliance | flexibility of lungs & thorax, expandability of lungs; diminishes w/ aging (tissues of lungs become rigid, less elastic) |
| surface tension within alveoli | = force we OPPOSE when expanding lung; = attraction between adjacent water molecules. inside lungs (alveoli) thin filament of water pulling TOWARD each other |
| great alveolar cells | secrete SURFACTANT= REDUCE surface tension = LESS inward force on lungs; determine how early baby can be born in how much surfactant they could produce to allow breathing/ lung expansion |
| tidal volume | cyclic volume increase/ decrease/ increase/ decrease with air going in and out of lungs; graph shows that lungs can expand (2x) past our normal breath |
| inspiratory reserve volume | can double max tidal volume in lungs (3 L to 6 L) after normal inhale |
| residual volume | air in lung you can't get rid of by breathing out in order to keep ALVEOLAR CELLS OPEN and avoid flattening from surface tension (unable to open again) |
| 2 types of lung disorders | restrictive, obstructive |
| restrictive lung disorder | reduces pulmonary COMPLIANCE (expandability); when inhale sharply → don’t get enough inhability as you should, from any type of fibrosis ex: tuberculosis (reduce elasticity) o measure w/ spirometry |
| obstructive lung disorder | disorders disrupt air FLOW (rate of air movement through lungs), measure= Forced Expiratory volume • Normally blow out 85% of vital capacity in 1 second (Forced Expiratory Volume) • Bronchitis, asthma: can’t expel as much (only 20-30%) |
| 5 factors contributing to external respiration | partial pressure of gasses, solubility, respiratory membrane thickness, respiratory membrane area, ventilation-perfusion coupling |
| Dalton's law of partial pressure of gasses | o Percentages provide total fraction of pressure provided by that gas • Provides SAME FRACTION as total pressure o Ex: oxygen makes up 21% of volume of air → and 21% of total air pressure |
| solubility | • Oxygen= nonpolar; does not dissolve well in water • CO2= pretty soluble, doesn’t want to leave liquid • Higher partial pressure → more gas will dissolve in liquid |
| ventilation-perfusion coupling | Decrease OXYGEN pressure, increase CO2 --> pulmonary arterioles serving these alveoli CONSTRICT --> REDUCED alveolar ventilation, reduced perfusion (perfusion=moving blood through tissue) |
| gas transport: OXYGEN | O2 carried in blood plasma bound to HEMOGLOBIN= OXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbO2), each hemoglobin holds 4 O2 molecules, 75% hemoglobin saturated w/ oxygen @ minimum --> go to alveoli= 100% |
| venous reserve | 75% of oxygen remains bound to hemoglobin, remaining oxygen |
| utilization fraction | 25% O2 unloaded to systemic tissues |
| gas transport: carbon dioxide | carried in 3 ways: 1. dissolved in plasma (5%), 2. converted to bicarbonate ion (90%), 3. bound to hemoglobin (5%) |
| carbaminohemoglobin | carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin: not the same place as oxygen |
| temperature & HbO2 | HIGHER temperature --> promote HbO2 dissociation |
| Bohr Effect | Lower pH (high CO2, more acidic) --> promotes HbO2 dissociation |
| Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) | intermediate of glycolysis in RBCs, promotes HbO2 dissociation by binding to Hemoglobin, MORE BPG occuring w/ fever, TH, GH, epinephrine |
Created by:
kpan
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