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Cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of cancer is most head and neck cancer? | squamous cell cancer (90%) |
| Head and neck cancers that start in the glandular cells are called what? | adenocarcinomas |
| Asymptomatic masses in the head and neck of ppl over 40 are what until proven otherwise? | cancer |
| what is the most common skin cancer? | basal cell carcinoma-least likely to metastasize. |
| Squamous cell carcinoma usually metastasizes to where? | the lymph-->lungs-->liver and bones |
| What is a benign tumor that arises from the vestibular division of the 8th CN from schwann cells? | Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) |
| What are the symptoms of acoustic neuromas? | -gradual unilateral sensorineural hearing loss with tinnitus. -10% have sudden hearing loss. -vertigo |
| How do you diagnose acoustic neuromas? | CT or MRI with contrast |
| How do you treat acoustic neuromas? | surgery |
| describe the location of malignant tumors of the ear? | 85%-of the auricle 10%-in the external canal 5%-middle ear and mastoid |
| Symptoms of malignant tumors in the ear? | -deep boring bone pain, disproportionate to what is seen on exam. -may have conductive hearing loss - |
| What can cause malignant tumors of the nose and sinuses? | exposure to nickle, dust, Thorotrast(contrast medium). Usually not from tobacco. |
| what is the common age/gender of nose/sinus cancer? | over 50yo, male/female 2:1 ratio. |
| What is the main type of nose/sinus cancer? | squamous cell |
| What is a common finding for Nasopharyneal cancer? | -asymptomatic enlarged cervical node or a unilateral serous otitis media in an adult. -exposure to Epstein-Barr virus |
| Where is adenocarcinoma usually found? | ethmoid sinus in patients under 40yo. It is usually slow growing. |
| Describe esthesioneuroblastoma. | rare, found in young adults in mid 20's. Usually found in the roof of the mouth. |
| What are the symptoms of esthesioneuroblastoma? | unilateral nasal obstruction, loss of smell, epistaxis |
| Describe juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. | benign and found in males 7-19. It invade sthe base of the skull and can cause massive bleeding and death. Obstruction and epistaxis are most common symptoms. |
| What are major contributors to laryngeal cancers? | smoking and alcohol |
| Laryngeal cancer is almost exclusively what type? | squamous cell |
| To determine laryngeal cancer you must do 5/6 steps. What are they? | 1-palpation of cervical soft tissue 2-indirect laryngoscopy with mirror 3-direct larygoscopy with biopsy 4-xray 5-CT or MRI 6-contrast studies(barium/upper GI) |
| Describe glottic cancer. | occurs at the cords. Causes hoarseness, scratchy pain, dysphagia, cough, and stridor. PE shows irregular white/red growths-cauliflower look. |
| Describe subglottic cancer. | Symptoms are same as glottic, may see a superficial ulceration |
| Describe cancer in the marginal zone. | -involves the aryepiglottic folds -proliferative, fungating with central ulcerations and heaped up margins. |
| Oral cancer accounts for 50% of cancers in what populations? | Asian and Indian populations |
| 40% of all head and neck cancers occur where? | Oral cavity |
| What are risk factors for oral cancer? | -tobacco use -heavy alcohol use -chewing betel nut -nutritional factors -genetic factors -sun exposure |
| Describe lip cancer. | found in 50-70yo. 95% males. fair skinned complexion, with sun exposure and pipe smoking as RFs. |
| Describe Mouth/buccal cancer. | accounts for 34% of oral cancers. will see red ulcerated patch that is non-healing and painless with rolled borders. |
| Describe tongue cancer. | presents late stage on the anterior 2/3 of tongue. Can have serious odynophagia or otalgia. |
| What is leukopakia? | white, plaque-like lesion. tends to be pre-malignant or malignant. |
| What is erythroplakia? | red plaque-like lesion. more commonly malignant than leukoplakia. |
Created by:
emeliza87
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