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FINAL Chap 9-12
End of chapter terms, 9-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acute tubular necrosis | Damage to the renal tubules due to the presence of toxins in the urine or to ischemia. Results in oliguria. |
| afferent arteriole | Arteriole that carries blood into the glomerulus. |
| albumin | A protein that is normally found circulating in the bloodstream. It is abnormal for albumin to be in the urine. |
| antibiotic | Used to treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract. |
| antispasmodic | Medication to prevent or reduce bladder muscle spasms. |
| anuria | complete suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion. |
| azotemia | Accumulation of nitrogenous waste in the bloodstream. Occurs when the kidney fails to filter these wastes from the blood. |
| bacteriuria | bacteria in the urine |
| bladder cancer | Cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria. |
| bladder neck obstruction | Blockage of the bladder outlet. Often caused by an enlarged prostate gland in males. |
| blood urea nitrogen | Blood test to measure kidney function by the level of nitrogenous waste (urea) that is in the blood. |
| Bowman’s capsule | Also called the glomerular capsule. Part of the renal corpuscle. It's a double-walled cup-like structure that encircles the glomerulus. Waste products filtered from the blood enter Bowman's capsule as glomerular filtrate. |
| calculus | Stone formed within an organ by an accumulation of mineral salts. Found in the kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Plural is calculi. |
| calyx | A duct that connects the renal papilla to the renal pelvis. Urine flows from the collecting tubule through the calyx and into the renal pelvis. |
| catheter | Flexible tube inserted into the body for the purpose of moving fluids into or out of the body. Most commonly used to refer to a tube threaded through the urethra into the bladder to withdraw urine. |
| catheterization | Insertion of a tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for the purpose of withdrawing urine or inserting dye. |
| clean catch specimen | Urine sample obtained after cleaning off the urinary opening and catching or collecting a urine sample in midstream (halfway through urination process) to minimize contamination from the genitalia. |
| collecting tubule | A portion of the renal tubule. |
| cortex | The outer layer of an organ. In the endocrine system, if refers to the outer layer of the adrenal glands. |
| creatinine clearance | Test of kidney function.Creatinine is a waste product cleared from the bloodstream by the kidneys.For this test, urine is collected for 24 hrs, & the amount of creatinine in the urine is compared to the amount of creatinine that remains in the bloodstream |
| cystalgia | bladder pain |
| cystectomy | removal of the bladder |
| cystic | pertaining to the bladder |
| cystitis | inflammation of the bladder |
| cystocele | Hernia or protrusion of the urinary bladder into the wall of the vagina. |
| cystogram | record of the bladder |
| cystography | Process of instilling a contrast material or dye into the bladder by catheter to visualize the urinary bladder on x-ray. |
| cystolith | bladder stone |
| cystopexy | surgical fixation of the bladder |
| cystoplasty | surgical repair of the bladder |
| cystorrhagia | rapid bleeding from the bladder |
| cystoscope | instrument used to visually examine the bladder |
| cystoscopy(cysto) | Visual examination of the urinary bladder using an instrument called a cystoscope. |
| cystostomy | create a new opening into the bladder |
| cystotomy | incision into the bladder |
| diabetic nephropathy | Accumulation of damage to the glomerulus capillaries due to the chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus. |
| distal convoluted tubule | A portion of the renal tubule. |
| diuresis | Increased formation and secretion of urine. |
| diuretic | Increases the excretion of urine, which promotes loss of water & salt from the body. Can help lower blood pressure, so these drugs are used to treat hypertension. Potassium in the body may by depleted w/continued use of diuretics. |
| dysuria | condition of difficult or painful urination |
| efferent arteriole | Arteriole that carries blood away from the glomerulus. |
| enuresis | Involuntary discharge of urine after the age by which bladder control should’ve been established (usually by age 5). Nocturnal enuresis refers to bed-wetting at night. |
| excretory urography(EU) | Injecting dye into the bloodstream and then taking an x-ray to trace the action of the kidney as it excretes the dye. |
| external sphincter | Ring of voluntary muscle that controls the emptying of urine from the bladder. |
| extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) | Use of ultrasound waves to break up stones. Process does not require invasive surgery |
| filtration | First stage of urine production during which waste products are filtered from the blood. |
| frequency | Greater-than-normal occurrence in the urge to urinate, without an increase in the total daily volume of urine. Frequency is an indication of inflammation of the bladder or urethra. |
| genitourinary system | Referring to the organs of the urinary system and the female or male sexual organs. |
| glomerular capsule | Also called Bowman's capsule. |
| glomerular filtrate | The product of the filtration stage of urine production. Water, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, and toxins that are filtered from blood passing through the glomerulus. The filtrate enters Bowman's capsule. |
| glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the kidney (primarily of the glomerulus). Since the glomerular membrane is inflamed. It becomes more permeable & will allow protein & blood cells to enter the filtrate. Results in protein in the urine (proteinuria) & hematuria. |
| glomerulus | Ball of capillaries encased by Bowman's capsule. In the filtration stage of urine production, wastes filtered from the blood leave the glomerulus capillaries & enter Bowman's capsule. |
| glycosuria | condition of sugar in the urine |
| hematuria | condition of blood in the urine |
| hemodialysis(HD) | Use of an artificial kidney machine that filters blood of a person to remove waste products. Use of this technique in patients who have defective kidneys is lifesaving. |
| hesitancy | Decrease in the force of the urine stream, often with difficulty initiating the flow. It’s often a symptom of a blockage along the urethra, such as an enlarged prostrate gland. |
| hydronephrosis | Distention of the renal pelvis due to urine collecting in the kidney; often a result of the obstruction of a ureter. |
| internal sphincter | Ring of involuntary muscle that keeps urine within the bladder. |
| interstitial cystitis | Disease of unknown cause in which there is inflammation and irritation of the bladder. Most commonly seen in middle aged women |
| intravenous pyelogram(IVP) | Injecting a contrast material into a vein and then taking an x-ray to visualize the renal pelvis. |
| ketonuria | ketones in the urine |
| kidneys | Located in the lumbar region of the back behind the parietal peritoneum. They are under the muscles of the back, just above the waist. The kidneys have a concave area that gives them a bean-shaped appearance, and it's center of is called the hilum. |
| kidneys, ureters, bladder(KUB) | X-ray taken of the abdomen demonstrating that kidneys, ureters, and bladder without using any contrast dye. Also called a flat-plate abdomen. |
| lithotomy | incision to remove a stone |
| lithotripsy | surgical crushing of a stone |
| loop of Henle | A portion of the renal tubule. |
| meatotomy | Incision into the meatus in order to enlarge the opening of the urethra. |
| medulla | The central area of an organ. In the endocrine system it refers to the adrenal medulla. |
| micturition | Another term for urination. |
| nephrectomy | removal of a kidney |
| Nephritic syndrome (NS) | Damage to the glomerulus resulting in protein appearing in the urine, proteinuria, and the corresponding decrease in protein in the bloodstream. |
| nephritis | kidney inflammation |
| nephrogram | xray of a kidney |
| nephrolith | kidney stone |
| nephrolithiasis | condition of kidney stonesn |
| nephrolithotomy | Surgical incision to directly remove stones from the kidney. |
| nephrologist | specialist in the kidney |
| nephrology | Branch of medicine involved in Dx & Tx diseases and disorders of the kidney. Physician is nephrologist. |
| nephroma | kidney tumor |
| nephromalacia | softening of the kidney |
| nephromegaly | enlarged kidney |
| nephron | The functional or working unit of the kidney that filters the blood & produces the urine. There are more than 1 million nephrons in an adult kidney. Each nephron consists of a renal corpuscle & the renal tubules. |
| nephropathy | kidney disease |
| nephropexy | surgical fixation of kidney |
| nephroptosis | drooping kidney. Also called a floating kidney. |
| nephrosclerosis | hardening of the kidney |
| nephrosis | abnormal kidney condition |
| nephrostomy | create a new opening into the kidney |
| nephrotic syndrome | Damage to the glomerulus resulting in protein appearing in the urine, proteinuria, and the corresponding decrease in protein in the bloodstream. |
| nephrotomy | incision into a kidney |
| neurogenic bladder | loss of nervous control that leads to retention; may be caused by spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis. |
| nitrogenous wastes | Waste products that contain nitrogen. These products, such as ammonia and urea, are produced during protein metabolism. |
| nocturia | condition of frequent night time urination |
| oliguria | condition of scanty amount of urine |
| peritoneal dialysis | Removal of toxic waste substances from the body by placing warm chemically balanced solutions into the peritoneal cavity. Wastes are filtered out of the blood across the peritoneum. Used in treating renal failure and certain poisonings. |
| peritubular capillaries | Capillary bed surrounding the renal tubules. |
| polycystic kidneys | Formulation of multiple cysts within the kidney tissue. Results in the destruction of normal kidney tissue and uremia. |
| polyuria | condition of too much urine |
| proteinuria | protein in the urine |
| proximal convoluted tubule | A portion of the renal tubule. |
| pyelitis | renal pelvis inflammation |
| pyelogram | xray record of the renal pelvis |
| pyelonephritis | Inflammation of renal pelvis & kidney.Common type of kidney disease.May result from a lower UTI that moved to the kidney via the ureters.There may be large quantities of white blood cells & bacteria in the urine.Can occur w/cystitis. |
| pyeloplasty | surgical repair of renal pelvis |
| pyuria | condition of pus in the urine |
| reabsorption | Second phase of urine production; substances needed by the body are reabsorbed as the filtrate passes through the kidney tubules. |
| renal | pertaining to the kidney |
| renal artery | Artery that originates from the abdominal aorta and carries blood to the nephrons of the kidney. |
| renal cell carcinoma | cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells. |
| renal colic | Pain caused by a kidney stone. Can be excruciating and generally requires medical treatment. |
| renal corpuscle | The Bowman's capsule. |
| renal failure | Inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood resulting in uremia. May be acute or chronic. Major reason for a patient being placed on dialysis. |
| renal papilla | Tip of a renal pyramid. |
| renal pelvis | Large collecting site for urine within the kidney. Collects urine from each calyx. Urine leaves the renal pelvis via the ureter. |
| renal pyramid | Triangular-shaped region of the renal medulla. |
| renal transplant | Surgical placement of a donor kidney. |
| renal tubule | Network to tubes found in a nephron. It consists of the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal tubule, and the collecting tubule. The reabsorption and secretion stages of urine production occur within the renal tubule. |
| renal vein | Vein that carries blood away from the kidneys. |
| retrograde pyelogram(RP) | Diagnostic X-ray in which dye is inserted through the urethra to outline the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. |
| retroperitoneal | Pertaining to behind the peritoneum. Used to describe the position of the kidneys, which is outside of the peritoneal sac alongside the spine. |
| rugae | The prominent folds in the mucosa of the stomach. They smooth out and almost disappear allowing the stomach to expand when it is full of food. |
| secretion | Third phase of urine production; additional waste products are added to the filtrate as it passes through the kidney tubules. |
| specific gravity | Characteristic of urine that indicates the amount of dissolved substances in urine. |
| stricture | Narrowing of a passageway in the urinary system. |
| uremia | accumulation of waste products (especially nitrogenous) in the bloodstream. Associated with renal failure. |
| ureteral | pertaining to the ureter |
| ureterectasis | ureter dilation |
| ureterolith | ureter stone |
| ureterostenosis | narrowing of a ureter |
| ureters | Organs in the urinary system that transport urine from the kidney to the bladder. |
| urethra | The tube that leads from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In the male it is also used by the reproductive system to release semen. |
| urethral | pertaining to the urethra |
| urethralgia | urethra pain |
| urethritis | urethra inflammation |
| urethrorrhagia | rapid bleeding from the urethra |
| urethroscope | instrument to visually examine the urethra |
| urethrostenosis | narrowing of the urethra |
| urgency | Feeling the need to urinate immediately. |
| urinalysis | Laboratory test that consists of the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of the urine. |
| urinary | pertaining to urine |
| urinary bladder | Organ in the urinary system that stores urine. |
| urinary incontinence | Involuntary release of urine. In some patients indwelling catheter is inserted into the bladder for continuous urine drainage. |
| urinary meatus | The external opening of the urethra. |
| urinary retention | inability to fully empty the bladder. Often indicates a blockage in the urethra. |
| urinary tract infection | Infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of the urinary system. Most often begins with cystitis & may ascend into the ureters & kidneys. Most common in women because of their shorter urethra. |
| urination | The release of urine from the urinary bladder |
| urine | It is the fluid that remains in the urinary system following the three stages of urine production: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. |
| urine culture and sensitivity(C&S) | Laboratory test of the urine for bacterial infection. Attempt to grow bacteria on a culture medium in order to identify it and determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to. |
| urinometer | instrument to measure urine |
| urologist | specialist in urine |
| urology | Branch of medicine involved in the Dx and Tx of diseases and disorders of the urinary system (and male reproductive system). Physician is a urologist. |
| voiding cystourethrography | X-ray taken to visualize the urethra while the patient is voiding after a contrast dye has been placed in the bladder. |
| voiding | urination. |
| Wilm’s tumor | Malignant kidney tumor found most often in children. |
| abortifacient | medication that terminates a pregnancy. |
| abruptio placentae | emergency condition in which the placenta tears away from the uterine wall prior to delivery of the infant. Requires immediate delivery of the baby. |
| amenorrhea | no menstrual flow |
| amniocentesis | puncturing of the amniotic sac using a needle & syringe to withdraw amniotic fluid for testing. Can assist in determining fetal maturity, development, & genetic disorders. |
| amnion | The inner of two membranous sacs surrounding the fetus. The amniotic sac contains amniotic fluid in which the baby floats. |
| amniorrhea | flow of fluid from amnion |
| amniotic | pertaining to the amnion |
| amniotic fluid | The fluid inside the amniotic sac. |
| amniotomy | incision into amnion |
| androgen | male producing |
| androgen therapy | Replacement male hormones to treat patients who produce insufficient hormone naturally. |
| andropathy | male disease |
| anorchism | condition of no testes |
| anteflexion | While the uterus is normally in this position, an exaggeration of the forward bend of the uterus is abnormal. The forward bend is near the neck of the uterus. The position of cervix, or opening of the uterus, remains normal. |
| antepartum | before birth |
| antiprostatic agents | Medications to treat early cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy; may prevent surgery for mild cases. |
| Apgar score | Evaluation of a neonate’s adjustment to the outside world. Observes color, heart rate, muscle tone, respiratory rate, & response to stimulus at 1 min and 5 min after birth. |
| areola | The pigmented area round the nipple of the breast. |
| aspermia | condition of no sperm |
| atresia | congenital lack of a normal body opening |
| balanitis | inflammation of the glans penis |
| balanoplasty | surgical repair of glans penis |
| balanorrhea | discharge from glans penis |
| barrier contraception | prevention of pregnancy using a device to prevent sperm from meeting an ovum. Examples include condoms, diaphragms, & cervical caps. |
| Bartholin’s glands | Glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete mucus for vaginal lubrication. |
| benign prostatic hypertrophy | Enlargement of the prostate gland commonly seen in males over 50. |
| breast cancer | malignant tumor of the breast. Usually forms in the milk-producing gland tissue or lining of the milk ducts. |
| breasts | Milk-producing glands to provide nutrition for newborn. Also called mammary glands. |
| breech presentation | Placement of the fetus in which the buttocks or feet are presented first for delivery rather than the head. |
| bulbourethral gland | Also called Cowper's gland. These two small male reproductive system glands are located on either side of the urethra just distal to the prostate. The secretion from these glands neutralizes the acidity in the urethra and the vagina. |
| candidiasis | Yeast infection of the skin and mucus membranes that can result in white plaques of the tongue and vagina |
| castration | Excision of the testicles in the male or the ovaries in the female. |
| cervical biopsy | taking a sample of tissue from the cervix to test for the presence of cancer cells. |
| cervical cancer | Malignant growth of the cervix. Some cases are caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus.It’s difficult to treat & causes 5% of cancer deaths in women.Pap smear tests have helped detect it early. |
| cervical | pertaining to the cervix |
| cervicectomy | removal of cervix |
| cervix | The narrow, distal portion of the uterus that joins to the vagina. |
| cesarean section (CS, C-section) | surgical delivery of a baby through an incision into the abdominal & uterine walls. Legend has it that Julius Caesar was the first person born by this method |
| chancroid | Highly infectious nonsyphilitic venereal ulcer. |
| chlamydia | Parasitic microorganism causing genital infections in males and females; can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in females & eventual infertility. |
| chorion | The outer of two membranous sacs surrounding the fetus. It helps to form the placenta. |
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | Removal of a small piece of the chorion for genetic analysis. May be done at an earlier stage of pregnancy than amniocentesis. |
| chorionic | pertaining to the chorion |
| circumcision | Surgical removal of the end of the prepuce or foreskin of the penis. Generally performed on the newborn male at the request of the parents. The primary reason is for ease of hygiene. Circumcision is also a ritual practice in some religions. |
| clitoris | A small organ containing erectile tissue that is covered by the labia minora. It contains sensitive tissue that is aroused during sexual stimulation and is similar to the penis in the male. |
| colostrum | A thin fluid first secreted by the breast after delivery; it does not contain much protein, but is rich in antibodies. |
| coloposcopy | examination of vagina using an instrument called a colposcope. |
| colposcope | instrument to view inside vagina |
| conception | Fertilization of an ovum by a sperm. |
| conization | surgical removal of a core of cervical tissue. Also refers to partial removal of the cervix. |
| corpus | The body or central portion of the uterus. |
| Cowper’s glands | Also called bulbourethral gland. These two small male reproductive system glands are located on either side of the urethra just distal to the prostate. The secretion from these glands neutralizes the acidity in the urethra & vagina. |
| crowning | When the head of the baby is visible through the vaginal opening. A sign that birth is imminent. |
| cryptorchidism | Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac before birth. |
| culdoscopy | examination of the female pelvic cavity, particularly behind the uterus, by introducing an endoscope through the wall of the vagina. |
| cystocele | hernia or outpouching of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina. May cause urinary frequency & urgency. |
| delivery | The emergence of the baby from the birth canal. |
| digital rectal exam | Manual examination for an enlarged prostate gland performed by palpating (feeling)the prostate gland through the wall of the rectum. |
| dilation and curettage (D&C) | surgical procedure in which the opening of the cervix is dilated & the uterus is scraped or suctioned of its lining or tissue. Often performed after a spontaneous abortion & to stop excessive bleeding from other causes. |
| dilation stage | The first stage of labor. It begins with uterine contractions that press the fetus against the cervix causing it to dilate to 10 cm & become thin. The thinning of the cervix is called effacement. |
| dysmenorrhea | painful menstrual flow |
| dystocia | difficult labor and childbirth |
| eclampsia | convulsive seizures & coma occurring in the woman between the 20th week of pregnancy & the 1st week of postpartum. Preceded by preeclampsia. |
| effacement | The thinning of the cervix during labor. |
| elective abortion | legal termination of a pregnancy for nonmedical reasons. |
| embryo | The term to describe the developing infant from fertilization until the end of the eighth week. |
| embryonic | pertaining to the embryo |
| endocervicitis | inflammation within cervix |
| endometrial biopsy (EMB) | taking a sample of tissue from the lining of the uterus to test for abnormalities. |
| endometrial cancer | cancer of the endrometrial lining of the uterus. |
| endometriosis | abnormal condition of endometrium tissue appearing throughout the pelvis or on the abdominal wall. This tissue is normally found within the uterus. |
| endometritis | inflammation within the uterus |
| endometrium | The inner lining of the uterus. |
| epididymal | pertaining to the epididymis |
| epididymectomy | removal of the epididymis |
| epididymitis | inflammation of the epididymis. |
| episiotomy | Surgical incision of the perineum to facilitate the delivery process. Can prevent an irregular tearing of tissue during birth. |
| episiorrhaphy | suture of vulva |
| epispadias | Congenital opening of the urethra on the dorsal surface of the penis. |
| erectile dysfunction | Inability to copulate due to inability to maintain an erection; also called impotence. |
| erectile dysfunction agents | Medication that temporarily produces an erection in patients with erectile dysfunction. |
| erectile tissue | Tissue with numerous blood vessels and nerve endings. It becomes filled with blood and enlarges in size in response to sexual stimulation. |
| estrogen | One of the hormones produced by the ovaries. It works with progesterone to control the menstrual cycle and it is responsible for producing the secondary sexual characteristics. |
| expulsion stage | Stage of labor and delivery during which the baby is delivered. |
| fallopian tube | Organ in the female reproductive system that transports eggs from the ovary to the uterus. |
| fertility drug | medication that triggers ovulation. Also called ovulation stimulant. |
| fertilization | Also called impregnation. The fusion of an ova and sperm to produce an embryo. |
| fetal | Pertaining to the fetus. |
| fetal monitoring | Using electronic equipment placed on the mother’s abdomen or the fetus’ scalp to check the fetal heart rate (FHR) & fetal heart tone (FHT) during labor. |
| fibrocystic breast disease | benign cysts forming in the breasts. |
| fibroid tumor | benign tumor or growth that contains fiber-like tissue. Uterine fibroid tumors are the most common tumors in women. |
| fimbriae | The fingerlike extensions on the end of the fallopian tubes. The fimbriae drape over each ovary in order to direct the ovum into the fallopian tube after it is expelled by the ovary. |
| follicle stimulating hormone | A hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland. It stimulates growth of eggs in females and sperm in males. |
| fraternal twins | Twins that develop from 2 different ova fertilized by 2 different sperm. Although twins, these siblings do not have identical DNA. |
| fundus | The domed upper portion of an organ such as the stomach or uterus. |
| genital herpes | Creeping skin disease that can appear like a blister or vesicle, caused by a sexually transmitted virus. |
| genitalia | The male and female reproductive organs. |
| genital warts | Growths and elevations of warts on the genitalia of both males and females that can lead to cancer of the cervix in females. |
| genitourinary system | Referring to the organs of the urinary system and the female or male sexual organs. |
| gestation | Length of time from conception to birth, generally nine months. Calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period, with a range of from 259 days to 280 days. |
| glans penis | The larger and softer tip of the penis. It is protected by a covering called the prepuce or foreskin. |
| gonorrhea | Sexually transmitted inflammation of the mucous membranes of either sex. Can be passed on to an infant during the birth process. |
| gynecologist | specialist in female reproductive system |
| gynecology | branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis & treatment of conditions of the female reproductive system. Physician is called a gynecologist. |
| hematosalpinx | blood in the fallopian tube |
| hemolytic disease of the newborn | Condition that develops when the mother’s blood type is Rh- & the baby’s blood is Rh+. Antibodies in the mother’s blood enter the fetus’s bloodstream through the placenta & destroy the fetus’s red blood cells. |
| hormonal conception | Use of hormones to block ovulation & prevent contraception. May be in the form of a pill, patch, implant under the skin, or injection. |
| hormone replacement therapy (HRT) | menopause or surgical loss of the ovaries results in the lack of estrogen production. Replacing the hormone may prevent some of the consequences of menopause, especially in younger women who have surgically lost their ovaries. |
| human immunodeficiency virus | Virus that causes AIDS; also known as a retrovirus. |
| hydrocele | Accumulation of fluid within the testes. |
| hymen | A thin membranous tissue that covers the external vaginal opening. The membrane is broken during the first sexual encounter of the female. It can also be broken prematurely by the use of tampons or during some sports activities. |
| hymenectomy | removal of hymen |
| hypospadias | Congenital opening of the male urethra on the underside of the penis. |
| hysterectomy | surgical removal of the uterus |
| hysteropexy | surgical fixation of the uterus |
| hysterorrhexis | ruptured uterus |
| hysterosalpingography | taking of an x-ray after injecting radiopaque material into the uterus & fallopian tubes. |
| identical twins | twins that develop from splitting of one fertilized ovum. These siblings have identical DNA. |
| infertility | inability to produce children. Generally defined as no pregnancy after properly timed intercourse for one year. |
| intrauterine device | Device that is inserted into the uterus by a physician for the purpose of contraception. |
| labia majora | A fold of skin that serves as protection for the female external genitalia and urethral meatus. |
| labia minora | A fold of skin that serves as protection for the female external genitalia and urethral meatus. |
| labor | process of giving birth |
| lactation | The function of secreting milk after childbirth from the breasts or mammary glands. |
| lactic | pertaining to milk |
| lactiferous ducts | Carries milk from the mild-producing glands to the nipple. |
| lactiferous glands | Milk-producing glands in the breast. |
| lactorrhea | milk discharge |
| laparoscope | instrument to view inside the abdomen |
| laparoscopy | examination of the peritoneal cavity using an instrument called a laparoscope. The instrument is passed through a small incision made by the surgeon into the abdominopelvic cavity. |
| laparotomy | incision into the abdomen |
| lumpectomy | removal of a breast tumor & the tissue immediately surrounding it. |
| luteinizing hormone | A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It regulates function of male and female gonads and plays a role in releasing ova in females. |
| mammary | pertaining to the breast |
| mammary glands | The breasts; milk-producing glands to provide nutrition for newborn. |
| mammogram | record of the breast |
| mammography | using x-ray to diagnose breast disease, especially breast cancer. |
| mammoplasty | surgical repair of breast |
| mastalgia | breast pain |
| mastectomy | removal of the breast |
| mastitis | inflammation of the breast |
| meconium | first bowel movement of a newborn. It is greenish-black in color and consists of mucus and bile. |
| mearche | The first menstrual period. |
| menometrorrhagia | excessive bleeding during the menstrual period & at intervals between menstrual periods |
| menorrhagia | abnormal, rapid menstrual flow |
| menopause | cessation of menstruation between the ages of 40 and 55. |
| metrorrhagia | rapid menstrual blood flow from uterus |
| metrorrhea | flow from uterus |
| menstrual period | Another name for the menstrual cycle. |
| menstruation | The loss of blood and tissue as the endometrium in shed by the uterus. The flow exits the body through the cervix & vagina. The flow occurs approximately every 28 days. |
| multigravida | multiple pregnancies |
| multipara | multiple births |
| neonate | newborn |
| neonatologist | specialist in the study of the newborn |
| neonatology | Branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis & treatment of conditions involving newborns. Physician is called a neonatologist. |
| nulligravida | no pregnancies |
| nullipara | no births |
| nurse | To breastfeed a baby. |
| obstetrics | Branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis & treatment of women during pregnancy, childbirth, & immediately after childbirth. Physician is called an obstetrician. |
| oligomenorrhea | scanty menstrual flow |
| oligospermia | condition of scanty (few) sperm |
| oophorectomy | removal of the ovary |
| oophoritis | inflammation of the ovary |
| oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) | birth control medication that uses low doses of female hormones to prevent conception by blocking ovulation. |
| orchidectomy | removal of the testes |
| orchidopexy | surgical fixation of the testes |
| orchiectomy | removal of testes |
| orchioplasty | surgical repair of testes |
| orchiotomy | incision of testes |
| ova | The female sex cell or gamete produced in the ovary. An ovum fuses with a sperm to produce an embryo. Singular is ovum. |
| ovarian | pertaining to ovaries |
| ovarian carcinoma | cancer of the ovary |
| ovarian cyst | cyst that develops within the ovary. These may be multiple cysts & may rupture, causing pain and bleeding. |
| ovaries | The female gonads. These two glands are located on either side of the lower abdominopelvic region of the female. They are responsible for the production of the sex cells, ova, and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. |
| oviducts | fallopian tubes. |
| ovulation | The release of an ovum from the ovary. |
| oxytocin | a natural hormone that begins or improves uterine contractions during labor and delivery. |
| Pap smear | test for the early detection of cervical cancer named after the developer of the test, George Papanicolaou, a Greek physician. A scraping of cells is removed from the cervix for examination under a microscope. |
| pelvic examination | physical examination of the vagina & adjacent organs performed by a physician placing fingers of one hand into the vagina. An instrument called a speculum is used to open the vagina. |
| pelvic inflammatory disease | chronic or acute infection, usually bacterial, that has ascended through the female reproductive organs & out into the pelvic cavity. May result in scarring that interferes with fertility. |
| pelvic ultrasonography | use of ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ, such as the uterus, ovaries, or fetus. |
| penis | the male sex organ. It is composed of erectile tissue that becomes erect during sexual stimulation, allowing it to be placed within the female vagina for ejaculation of semen. The larger, soft tip is referred to as the glans penis. |
| perimetritis | inflammation around the uterus |
| perimetrium | The outer layer of the uterus. |
| perineum | In the male, the external region between the scrotum and anus. In the female, the external region between the vagina and anus. |
| phimosis | Narrowing of the foreskin over the glans penis that results in difficulty with hygiene. This condition can lead to infection or difficulty with urination. It ‘s treated with circumcision, the surgical removal of the foreskin. |
| placenta | Afterbirth. An organ attached to the uterine wall composed of maternal & fetal tissues. Oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, & wastes are exchanged between the mother and baby through the placenta. The baby is attached to the placenta by the umbilical cord. |
| placenta previa | A placenta that is implanted in the lower portion of the uterus and, in turn, blocks the birth canal. |
| placental stage | The third stage of labor, which takes place after delivery of the infant. The uterus resumes strong contractions and the placenta detaches from the uterine wall and is delivered through the vagina. |
| postpartum | after birth |
| preeclampsia | Metabolic disease of pregnancy. If untreated, it may result in true eclampsia. Symptoms include hypertension, headaches, albumin in urine, & edema. Also called toxemia. |
| pregnancy | The time from fertilization of an ovum to the birth of the newborn. |
| pregnancy test | chemical test that can determine a pregnancy during the first few weeks. Can be performed in a physician’s office or with a home-testing kit. |
| premature | early |
| premenstrual syndrome | Symptoms that develop just prior to the onset of a menstrual period, which can include irritability, headache, tender breasts, & anxiety. |
| prepuce | Also called the foreskin. A protective covering over the glans penis. |
| priapism | A persistent and painful erection due to pathological causes, not sexual arousal. |
| primigravida | first pregnancy |
| primipara | first birth |
| progesterone | One of the hormones produced by the ovaries. It works with estrogen to control the menstrual cycle. |
| prolapsed umbilical cord | when the umbilical cord of the baby is expelled first during delivery & is squeeze between the baby’s head & the vaginal wall. This presents an emergency since the baby’s circulation is compromised. |
| prolapsed uterus | fallen uterus that can cause the cervix to protrude through the vaginal opening. Generally caused by weakened muscles from vaginal delivery or pelvic tumors pressing down. |
| prostate cancer | cancer of the prostate. |
| prostate gland | A gland in the male re productive system that produces fluids that nourish the sperm. |
| prostate-specific antigen | A blood test to screen for prostate cancer. Elevated blood levels of PSA are associated with prostate cancer. |
| prostatectomy | removal of prostate |
| prostatic | pertaining to the prostate |
| prostatitis | prostate inflammation |
| pseudocyesis | false pregnancy |
| puberty | Beginning of menstruation and the ability to reproduce. |
| pyosalpinx | pus in fallopian tube |
| radical masectomy | surgical removal of the breast tissue plus chest muscles and axillary lymph nodes. |
| rectocele | protrusion or herniation of the rectum into the vagina. |
| salpingectomy | removal of the fallopian tube |
| salpingitis | inflammation of the fallopian tube |
| salpingocyesis | tubal pregnancy |
| scrotum | A sac that serves as a container for the testes. This sac, which is divided by a septum, supports the testicles and lies between the legs and behind the penis. |
| semen | Semen contains sperm and fluids secreted by male reproductive system glands. It leaves the body through the urethra. |
| semen analysis | This procedure is used when performing a fertility workup to determine if the male is able to produce sperm. |
| seminal vesicles | Two male reproductive system glands located at the base of the bladder. They secrete a fluid that nourishes the sperm into the vas deferens. This fluid plus the sperm constitutes much of the semen. |
| seminiferous tubules | Network of coiled tubes that make up the bulk of the testes. Sperm development takes place in the walls of the tubules and the mature sperm are released into the tubule in order to leave the testes. |
| sex hormones | Hormones secreted by the gonads and the adrenal cortex; estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males. |
| sexually transmitted disease | Disease usually acquired as the result of sexual intercourse; formerly more commonly referred to as venereal disease. |
| simple masectomy | surgical removal of the breast tissue. |
| sperm | Also called spermatozoon (plural is spermatozoa). The male sex cell. One sperm fuses with the ova to produce a new being. |
| spermatic | pertaining to sperm |
| spermatic cord | The term for the cord-like collection of structures that include the vas deferens, arteries, veins, nerves, and lymph vessels. The spermatic cord suspends the tests within the scrotum. |
| spermatocide | Substances that kill sperm. |
| spermatogenesis | Formation of mature sperm. |
| spermatolysis | sperm destruction |
| sphincter | A ring of muscle around a tubular organ. It can contract to control the opening of the tube. |
| spontaneous abortion | unplanned loss of a pregnancy due to the death of the embryo or fetus before the time it is viable. Miscarriage. |
| sterility | Inability to father children due to a problem with spermatogenesis. |
| sterilization | Process of rendering a male or female sterile or unable to conceive children. |
| stillbirth | birth in which a viable-aged fetus dies shortly before or at the time of delivery. |
| syphilis | Infectious, chronic, venereal disease that can involve any organ. May exist for years without symptoms. Treated with the antibiotic penicillin. |
| testes | The male gonads. The testes are oval glands located in the scrotum that produce sperm and the male hormone, testosterone. |
| testicular | pertaining to the testes |
| testicular carcinoma | Cancer of the testes |
| testicular torsion | A twisting of the spermatic cord. |
| testosterone | Male hormone produced in the testes. It is responsible for the growth and development of the male reproductive organs. |
| therapeutic abortion | termination of a pregnancy for the health of the mother or another medical reason. |
| total abdominal hysterectomy-bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy | removal of the entire uterus, cervix, both ovaries, and both fallopian tubes. |
| toxic shock syndrome | Rare & sometimes fatal staphylococcus infection that generally occurs in menstruating women. Initial infection of the vagina is associated with prolonged wearing of a super-absorbent tampon. |
| transurethral resection of the prostate | Surgical removal of the prostate gland by inserting a device through the urethra and removing prostate tissue. |
| trichomoniasis | Genitourinary infection that is usually without symptoms (asymptomatic) in both males and females. In women the disease can produce itching and/or burning & a foul-smelling discharge, and can result in vaginitis. |
| tubal ligation | surgical tying off of the fallopian tubes to prevent conception from taking place. Results in sterilization of the female. |
| umbilical cord | A cord extending from the baby's umbilicus (navel) to the placenta: It contains blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the baby and carbon dioxide and wastes from the baby to the mother. |
| urinary meatus | The external opening of the urethra. |
| uterine | pertaining to the uterus |
| uterine tubes | fallopian tubes |
| uterus | Womb. This hollow, pear-shaped organ is in the lower pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder & rectum. The uterus receives the fertilized ovum which implants in the uterine wall. This provides nourishment & protection for the fetus. |
| vagina | Organ in the female reproductive system that receives the penis and semen. |
| vaginal hysterectomy | removal of the uterus through the vagina rather than through an abdominal incision. |
| vaginal | pertaining to the vagina |
| vaginal orifice | The external vaginal opening. It may be covered by a hymen. |
| vaginitis | inflammation of the vagina |
| varicocele | Enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord, which commonly occurs on the left side of adolescent males. Seldom needs treatment. |
| vas deferens | A long straight tube that carries sperm from the epididymis up into the pelvic cavity, where it continues around the bladder and empties into the urethra. It is one of the components, along with nerves and blood vessels, of the spermatic cord. |
| vasectomy | Removal of a segment or all of the vas deferens to prevent sperm from leaving the male body. Used for contraception purposes. |
| vasovasostomy | Creation of a new opening between two sections of vas deferens. Used to reverse a vasectomy. |
| vesicular | pertaining to the seminal vesicle |
| vulva | A general term meaning the external female genitalia. It consists of the Bartholin's glands, labia major, labia minora, and clitoris. |
| acidosis | Excessive acidity of body fluids due to the accumulation of acids, as in diabetic acidosis |
| acromegaly | chronic disease of adults that result in an elongation and enlargement of the bones of the head and extremities. There can also be mood changes. Due to an excessive amount of growth hormone in an adult |
| Addison’s disease | disease named for British physician Thomas Addison that results from a deficiency in adrenocortical hormones. There may be an increased pigmentation of the skin, generalized weakness, and weight loss. |
| adenocarcinoma | cancerous tumor in a gland that is capable of producing the hormones secreted by that gland. One cause of hypersecretion pathologies |
| adrenal | pertaining to the adrenal glands |
| adrenal cortex | The outer portion of the adrenal glands; secretes several families of hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones. |
| adrenalectomy | removal of adrenal glands |
| adrenal feminization | development of female secondary sexual characteristics (such as breasts) in a male. Often as a result of increased estrogen secretion by the adrenal cortex. |
| adrenal glands | A pair of glands in the endocrine system located just above each kidney. This glands is composed of two sections, the cortex and the medulla, that function independently of each other. |
| adrenaline | A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. Also known as epinephrine. Some of its actions include increasing heart rate and force of contraction, bronchodilation, & relaxation of intestinal muscles. |
| adrenalitis | inflammation of an adrenal gland |
| adrenal medulla | The inner portion of the adrenal gland. It secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| adrenal virilism | development of male secondary characteristics (such as deeper voice and facial hair) in a female. Often as a result of increased androgen secretion by the adrenal cortex |
| adrenocorticotropin hormone | A hormone secreted by anterior pituitary. It regulates function of the adrenal gland cortex. |
| adrenomegaly | enlarged adrenal gland |
| adrenopathy | adrenal gland disease |
| aldosterone | A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. It regulates the levels of sodium & potassium in the body and as a side effect the volume of water lost in urine. |
| androgen | A class of steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. These hormones, such as testosterone, produce a masculinizing effect. |
| anterior lobe | The anterior portion of the pituitary gland. It secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. |
| antidiuretic hormone | A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary. It promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules. |
| antithyroid agents | medication given to block production of thyroid hormones in patients with hypersecretion disorders |
| blood serum test | blood test to measure the level of substances such as calcium, electrolytes, testosterone, insulin, and glucose. Used to assist in determining the function of various endocrine glands |
| calcitonin | A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. It stimulates deposition of calcium into bone. |
| calcium | An inorganic substance found in plasma. It is important for bones, muscles, and nerves. |
| chemical thyroidectomy | large dose of radioactive iodine is given in order to kill thyroid gland cells without having to actually do surgery |
| circadian rhythm | The 24-hour clock that governs our periods of wakefulness and sleepiness. |
| corticosteroids | Hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism & have a strong anti-inflammatory action. Used to treat severe chronic inflammatory diseases & adrenal cortex hyposecretion disorders. Long-term use can cause osteoporosis & symptoms of Cushing's disease |
| cortisol | A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. It regulates carbohydrate metabolism. |
| cretinism | congenital condition in which a lack of thyroid hormones may result in arrested physical and mental development |
| Cushing’s syndrome | set of symptoms, named after U.S neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing, that result from hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex. This may be the result of a tumor in the adrenal glands. Includes weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, osteoporosis. |
| diabetes insipidus (DI) | disorder caused by the inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. There may be polyuria and polydipsia |
| diabetes mellitus (DM) | chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria. There are two distinct forms of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1, & non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2 |
| diabetic retinopathy | secondary complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels of the retina, resulting in visual changes and even blindness |
| dwarfism | condition of being abnormally short in height. It may be the result of a hereditary condition or a lack of growth hormone |
| edema | condition in which the body tissues contain excessive amounts of fluid |
| endocrine glands | A glandular system that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream rather than into a duct. Endocrine glands are frequently referred to as ductless glands. |
| endocrine system | The body system that consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream. The endocrine glands include the adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, pancreas, pituitary gland, testes, ovaries, thymus gland, and thyroid gland. |
| endocrinologist | specialist in the endocrine system |
| endocrinology | The branch of medicine specializing in conditions of the endocrine system. |
| endocrinopathy | endocrine system disease |
| epinephrine | A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. Also known as adrenaline. Some of its actions include increased heart rate & force of contraction, bronchodilation, & relaxation of intestinal muscles |
| estrogen | One of the hormones produced by the ovaries. It works with progesterone to control the menstrual cycle and it is responsible for producing the secondary sexual characteristics. |
| exocrine glands | Glands that secrete substances into a duct. Tears and tear ducts are examples of an exocrine gland. |
| exophthalmos | condition in which the eyeballs protrude, such as in Graves’ disease. This is generally caused by an overproduction of thyroid hormone. |
| Fasting blood sugar (FBS) | blood test to measure the amount of sugar circulating throughout the body after a 12-hour fast |
| gigantism | excessive development of the body due to the overproduction of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland in a child or teenager. The opposite of dwarfism |
| glands | The organs of the body that release secretions. Exocrine glands, like sweat glands, release their secretions into ducts. Endocrine glands, such as the thyroid gland, release their hormones directly into the blood stream. |
| glucagon | A hormone secreted by pancreas. It stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood. |
| glucose tolerance test (GTT) | test to determine blood sugar level. A dose of glucose is given orally or intravenously. Blood samples are then drawn at certain intervals to determine patient's ability to use glucose. Used for diabetics to determine their insulin response to glucose. |
| glycosuria | sugar in the urine |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| gonadotropins | Common name for follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. |
| gonads | The organs responsible for producing sex cells. The female gonads are the ovaries and they produce ova. The male gonads are the testes and they produce sperm. |
| Graves’ disease | condition named for Irish physician Robert Graves that results in overactivity of the thyroid gland and can cause a crisis situation. Symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter. A type of hyperthyroidism |
| growth hormone | A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates growth of the body. |
| gynecomastia | Development of breast tissue in males. May be a symptom of adrenal feminization. |
| Hashimoto’s disease | chronic autoimmune form of thyroiditis, results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones |
| hirsutism | Condition of having an excessive amount of hair. Term generally used to describe females who have the adult male pattern of hair growth. Can be the result of a hormone imbalance. |
| homeostasis | Steady state or state of balance within the body. The kidneys assist in maintaining this regulatory, steady state. |
| hormone | A chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland. It enters the blood stream and is carried to target tissue. Hormones work to control the functioning of the target tissue. |
| Hormone replacement therapy | artificial replacement of hormones in patients with hyposecretion disorders. May be oral pills, injections, or adhesive skin patches |
| Human growth hormone therapy | hormone replacement therapy with human growth hormone in order to stimulate skeletal growth. Used to treat children with abnormally short stature |
| hypercalcemia | excessive calcium in the blood |
| hyperglycemia | excessive sugar in the blood |
| hyperkalemia | excessive potassium in the blood |
| hyperparathyroidism | state of excessive parathyroid |
| hyperpituitarism | state of excessive pituitary |
| hypersecretion | excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland. |
| hyperthyroidism | state of excessive thyroid |
| hypocalcemia | low calcium in the blood |
| hypoglycemia | low sugar in the blood |
| hyponatremia | low sodium in the blood |
| hypoparathyroidism | state of insufficient parathyroid |
| hypopituitarism | state of insufficient pituitary |
| hyposecretion | deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland |
| hypothalalmus | A portion of the diencephalon that lies just below the thalamus. It controls body temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, & emotions. It regulates the parasympathetic & sympathetic nervous systems. |
| hypothyroidism | state of insufficient thyroid |
| Insulin | administered to replace insulin for type 1 diabetics or to treat severe type 2 diabetics |
| Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) | also called type 1 diabetes mellitus. It develops early in life when the pancreas stops insulin production. Patient must take daily insulin injections. |
| Insulinoma | Tumor of the islets of Langerhans cells of the pancreas that secretes excessive amount of insulin |
| iodine | A mineral required by the thyroid to produce its hormones. |
| Ketoacidosis | acidosis due to an excess of acidic ketone bodies (waste products). A serious condition requiring immediate treatment that can result in death for the diabetic patient if not reversed. Also called diabetic acidosis |
| laparoscopic adrenalectomy | removal of the adrenal gland through a small incision in the abdomen and using endoscopic instruments |
| Lobectomy | removal of a lobe from an organ. In this case, one lobe of the thyroid gland |
| luteinizing hormone | A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It regulates function of male and female gonads and plays a role in releasing ova in females. |
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone | A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It stimulates pigment production in the skin. |
| menstrual cycle | The 28-day fertility cycle in women; includes ovulation and sloughing off the endometrium if a pregnancy does not occur. |
| mineralocorticoids | A group of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. They regulate electrolytes and fluid volume in the body. Aldosterone is an example of a mineralocorticoid. |
| melatonin | Hormone secreted by the pineal gland; plays a role in regulating the body's circadian rhythm. |
| myxedema | condition resulting from a hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in an adult. Symptoms can include anemia, slow speech, swollen facial features, edematous skin, drowsiness, and mental lethargy |
| Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) | also called type 2 diabetes mellitus. Typically develops later in life. The pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin, but the cells fail to respond to it. Patients may take oral hypoglycemic to improve insulin function, or may take insulin |
| norepinephrine | A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla. It is a strong vasoconstrictor. |
| obesity | having an abnormal amount of fat in the body. |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | medications taken by mouth that cause a decrease in blood sugar; not used for insulin-dependent patients |
| ova | The female sex cell or gamete produced in the ovary. An ovum fuses with a sperm to produce an embryo. Singular is ovum. |
| ovaries | The female gonads. These two glands are located on either side of the lower abdominopelvic region of the female. They are responsible for the production of the sex cells, ova, estrogen, & progesterone. |
| oxytocin | A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary. It stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery. |
| pancreas | Organ in the digestive system that produces digestive enzymes. Also a gland in the endocrine system that produces two hormones, insulin and glucagon. |
| pancreatic | pertaining to the pancreas |
| Panhypopituitarism | deficiency in all the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. Often recognized because of problems with the glands regulated by the pituitary-adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries, and testes |
| parathyroid glands | Four small glands located on the back surface of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid hormone secreted by these glands regulates the amount of calcium in the blood. |
| parathyroidal | pertaining to the parathyroid gland |
| parathyroidectomy | removal of the parathyroid gland |
| parathyroid hormone | The hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands. The more hormone, the higher the calcium level in the blood and the lower the level stored in bone. A low hormone level will cause tetany. |
| Peripheral neuropathy | damage to the nerves in the lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes mellitus. Symptoms include either extreme sensitivity or numbness and tingling |
| Pheochromocytoma | usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine. Symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea |
| pineal gland | A gland in the endocrine system that produces a hormone called melatonin. |
| pituitary | pertaining to the pituitary gland |
| pituitary gland | An endocrine gland located behind the optic nerve in the brain. It is also called the master gland since it controls the functions of many other endocrine glands. |
| polydipsia | many (excessive) thirst |
| polyuria | condition of (too) much urine |
| posterior lobe | The posterior portion of the pituitary gland. It secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. |
| progesterone | One of the hormones produced by the ovaries. It works with estrogen to control the menstrual cycle. |
| prolactin | A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It stimulates mild production. |
| Protein-bound iodine test(PBI) | blood test to measure the concentration of thyroxine (T4) circulating in the bloodstream. The iodine becomes bound to the protein in the blood and can be measured. Useful in establishing thyroid function |
| Radioimmunoassay (RIA) | test used to measure the levels of hormones in the plasma of the blood |
| Recklinghausen disease | Excessive production of parathyroid hormone, which results in degeneration of the bones. Named for German histologist Friedrich von Recklinghausen |
| somatotropin | Another name for growth hormone; a hormone that promotes growth of the body by stimulating cells to rapidly increase in size and divide. |
| sperm | Also called spermatozoon (plural is spermatozoa). The male sex cell. One sperm fuses with the ova to produce a new being. |
| steroid sex hormone | A class of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. It includes aldosterone, cortisol, androgens, estrogens, and progestins. |
| syndrome | group of symptoms and signs that, when combined, present a clinical picture of a disease or condition. |
| target organs | The organs that hormones act on to either increase or decrease the organ's activity level. |
| T cells | A lymphocyte active in cellular immunity. |
| testes | male gonads |
| testosterone | Male hormone produced in the testes. It is responsible for the growth and development of the male reproductive organs. |
| Tetany | nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps resulting from hypocalcemia. Hypoparathyroidism is one cause of tetany |
| thalamus | The thalamus is a portion of the diencephalon composed of gray matter. It acts as a center for relaying impulses from the eyes, ears, & skin to the cerebrum. Pain perception is also controlled by the thalamus. |
| thymectomy | removal of the thymus |
| thymic | pertaining to the thymus gland |
| thymitis | thymus inflammation |
| thymoma | thymus tumor |
| thymosin | Hormone secreted by thymus gland. It causes lymphocytes to change into T-lymphocytes. |
| thymus gland | An endocrine gland in the upper mediastinum that assists the body with the immune function and the development of antibodies. As part of the immune response it secretes a hormone, thymosin, that changes lymphocytes to T cells. |
| thyroidal | pertaining to the thyroid gland |
| Thyroid echogram | ultrasound examination of the thyroid that can assist in distinguishing a thyroid nodule from a cyst |
| thyroidectomy | removal of the thyroid |
| Thyroid function test (TFT) | blood test used to measure the levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood stream to assist in determining thyroid function |
| thyroid gland | Endocrine gland located on either side of the trachea. Its shape resembles a butterfly with a large left and right lobe connected by a narrow isthmus. This gland produces the hormones thyroxine (also known as T4) and triiodothyronine (also known as T3). |
| Thyroid replacement hormone | hormone replacement therapy for patients with hypothyroidism or who have had a thyroidectomy |
| Thyroid scan | test in which radioactive iodine is administered that localizes in the thyroid gland. The gland can then be visualized with a scanning device to detect pathology such as tumors |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It regulates function of the thyroid gland. |
| thyromegaly | enlarged thyroid |
| Thyrotoxicosis | condition resulting from marked overproduction of the thyroid gland. Symptoms include rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, and weight loss |
| thyroxine | A hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is also known as T4 and requires iodine for its production. This hormone regulates the level of cell metabolism. The greater the level of hormone in the bloodstream, the higher cell metabolism will be. |
| Total calcium | blood test to measure the total amount of calcium to assist in detecting parathyroid and bone disorders |
| triiodothyronine | A hormone produced by the thyroid gland known as T3 that requires iodine for its production. This hormone regulates the level of cell metabolism. The greater the level of hormone in the blood stream, the higher cell metabolism will be. |
| Two-hour postprandial glucose tolerance test | blood test to assist in evaluating metabolism. The patient eats a high carbohydrate diet and then fasts overnight before the test. Then the blood sample is taken two hours after a meal |
| Vasopressin | given to control diabetes insipidus and promote reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules |
| absence seizure | Type of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute, characterized by loss of awareness and an absence of activity. Also called a petit mal seizure. |
| afferent neurons | Nerve that carries impulses to the brain and spinal cord from the skin and sense organs. Also called sensory neurons. |
| Alzheimer's disease | Chronic, organic mental disorder consisting of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults between ages 40-60. Involves progressive disorientation, apathy, speech & gait disturbances, & loss of memory. Named for German neurologist Alois Alzheimer. |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Disease w/muscle weakness & atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord. Also called Lou Gehrig's disease, after the NY Yankees baseball player who died from the disease. |
| analgesia | absence of pain or sensation |
| analgesic | Non-narcotic medication to treat minor to moderate pain. Includes aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen. |
| anesthesia | lack of sensations |
| anesthesiology | Branch of medicine specializing in all aspects of anesthesia, including for surgical procedures, resuscitation measures, & the management of acute & chronic pain. Physician is an anesthesiologist. |
| anesthetic | Drug that produces a loss of sensation or consciousness.Lidocaine, propofol, Novocain. |
| anticonvulsant | Substance that reduces the excitability of neurons & therefore prevents the uncontrolled neuron activity associated w/seizures. Tegretol, Nembutal. |
| aphasia | lack of speech |
| arachnoid layer | The delicate middle layer of the meninges. |
| ascending tracts | Nerve tracts carrying sensory information up the spinal cord to the brain. |
| astrocytoma | Tumor of the brain or spinal cord that is composed of astrocytes, one of the types of neuroglial cells. |
| ataxia | lack of muscle coordination |
| aura | Sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epileptic seizure or migraine headache. |
| autonomic nervous system | The portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves to the internal organs that function involuntarily. |
| axon | Single projection of a neuron that conducts impulse away from nerve cell body. |
| Babinski reflex | Reflex test developed by French neurologist Joseph Babinski to determine nervous system lesions & abnormalities. The Babinski reflex is present if the great toe extends instead of the normal flexion when the lateral sole of the foot is stroked. |
| Bell's palsy | One-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of the facial nerve, probably viral in nature. The patient can't control salivation, tearing of the eyes, or expression, but most likely will recover. |
| brain | The brain is one of the largest organs in the body and coordinates most body activities. It is the center for all thought, memory, judgment, and emotion. |
| brain scan | Image of the brain taken after injection of radioactive isotopes into the circulation. |
| brain stem | The brain stem is a pathway for impulses to be conducted between the brain & the spinal cord. It also contains the centers that control respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure. 12 pairs of cranial nerves begin in the brain stem. |
| brain tumor | Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant. A benign tumor of the brain can still be fatal since it will grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue. |
| carotid endarterectomy | Surgical procedure for removing an obstruction within the carotid artery, a major artery in the neck that carries oxygenated blood to the brain. Developed to prevent strokes, but is useful only in severe stenosis w/transient ischemic attack. |
| central canal | Canal that extends down the length of the spinal cord; contains cerebrospinal fluid. |
| central nervous system | The portion of the nervous system that consist of the brain & spinal cord. It receives impulses from the body, processes this information, & responds with an action. |
| cephalalgia | head pain (headache) |
| cerebellar | pertaining to the cerebellum |
| cerebellitis | cerebellum inflammation |
| cerebellum | The second largest portion of the brain, it is located beneath the posterior portion of the cerebrum. It aids in coordinating voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium. |
| cerebral | pertaining to the cerebrum |
| cerebral aneurysm | Localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery; the result of a congenital defect or weakness in the wall of the vessel. A ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident. |
| cerebral angiography | X-ray of the blood vessels of the brain after the injection of radiopaque dye. |
| cerebral contusion | Bruising of the brain from a blow or impact. Symptoms last longer than 24 hrs and include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, & shock. |
| cerebral cortex | The outer layer of the cerebrum. It is composed of folds of gray matter called gyri, which are separated by sulci. |
| cerebral hemispheres | The division of the cerebrum into right and left halves. |
| cerebral palsy | Nonprogressive brain damage resulting from a defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at birth. |
| cerebrospinal | pertaining to the cerebrum and spine |
| cerebralspinal fluid | Watery clear fluid found in the ventricles of the brain. It provides protection from shock or sudden motion to the brain. |
| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | Lab examination of the clear, watery, colorless fluid from within the brain and spinal cord. Infections and the abnormal presence of blood can be detected in this test. |
| cerebrospinal fluid shunts | Surgical procedure in which a bypass is created to drain cerebrospinal fluid. Used to treat hydrocephalus by draining the excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain & diverting it to the abdominal cavity. |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Development of an infarct due to loss in the blood supply to an area of the brain. Blood flow can be interrupted by a ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), floating clot (embolus), stationary clot (thrombosis), or compression. Commonly called a stroke. |
| cerebrum | The largest section of the brain. It is located in the upper portion and is the area that possesses our thoughts, judgment, memory, and association skills, and the ability to discriminate between items. |
| coma | Profound unconsciousness or stupor resulting from an illness or injury. |
| concussion | Brain injury resulting from the brain being shaken inside the skull from a blow or impact. Can result in unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, & shock. Symptoms last 24 hrs or less. |
| conscious | Condition of being awake and aware of surroundings. |
| convulsion | Severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations. These have a variety of causes, such as epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions. |
| cranial nerves | Nerves that arise from the brain. |
| delirium | Abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation. |
| dementia | Progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes w/performing activities of daily living. Patients have little awareness of their condition. Found in disorders such as Alzheimer's. |
| dendrite | Branched process off a neuron that receive impulses & carry it to the cell body. |
| descending tracts | Nerve tracts carrying motor signals down the spinal cord to the muscles. |
| diencephalon | The portion of the brain that contains two of the most critical areas of the brain, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. |
| dopaminergic drugs | Group of medications to treat Parkinson's disease by either replacing the dopamine that is lacking or increasing the strength of the dopamine that is present. L-dopa, Sinemet. |
| dura mater | The term means tough mother. It is the fibrous outermost meninges layer that forms a tough protective layer. |
| dysphasia | difficult speech |
| echoencephalography | Recording of the ultrasonic echoes of the brain. Useful in determining abnormal patterns of shifting in the brain. |
| efferent neurons | Nerves that carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. Also called motor neurons. |
| electroencephalogram (EEG) | record of brain's electricity |
| electroencephalography | Recording of the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes at various positions on the scalp. Also used in sleep studies to determine if there is a normal pattern of activity during sleep. |
| encephalitis | brain inflammation |
| epidural hematoma | Mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord. |
| epilepsy | Recurrent disorder of the brain in which seizures & loss of consciousnes occur as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of the neurons in the brain. |
| focal seizure | Localized seizure often affecting one limb. |
| frontal lobe | One of the four cerebral hemisphere lobes. It controls motor functions. |
| ganglion | Knot-like mass of nerve tissue located outside the brain and spinal cord. |
| glands | The organs of the body that release secretions. |
| gray matter | Tissue within the central nervous system. It consists of unsheathed or uncovered nerve cell bodies and dendrites. |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome | Disease in which nerves lose their myelin covering. May be caused by an autoimmune action. Characterized by lack of sensation and/or muscle control, starting in the legs. Symptoms then move toward the trunk & may result in paralysis of the diaphragm. |
| gyri | The convoluted, elevated portions of the cerebral cortex. They are separated by fissures or sulci. |
| hemiparesis | Weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body. |
| hemiplegia | Paralysis on only one side of the body. |
| hydrocephalus | Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, causing the head to be enlarged. It is treated by creating an artificial shunt for the fluid to leave the brain. If left untreated, may lead to seizures or mental retardation. |
| hyperesthesia | excessive sensations |
| hypnotic | Drug that promotes sleep. Seconal, Restoril. |
| hypothalamus | The hypothalamus is a portion of the diencephalon that lies just below the thalamus. It controls body temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, emotions, & regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland |
| intrathecal | pertaining to within the meninges |
| laminectomy | Removal of a portion of a vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal nerve. |
| lumbar puncture | Puncture with a needle into the lumbar area (usually the 4th intervertebral space) to withdraw fluid for examination & for the injection of anesthesia. Also called spinal puncture or spinal tap. |
| medulla oblongata | A portion of the brain stem that connects the spinal cord with the brain. It contains the respiratory, cardiac, and blood pressure control centers. |
| meningeal | pertaining to the meninges |
| meninges | Three connective tissue membrane layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. The three layers are dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater. |
| meningioma | meninges tumor |
| meningitis | meninges inflammation |
| meningocele | congenital condition in which the meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral column. See spina bifida. |
| midbrain | A portion of the brain stem. |
| migraine | Specific type of headache characterized by severe head pain, sensitivity to light, dizziness, and nausea. |
| monoparesis | weakness of one |
| monoplegia | paralysis of one |
| motor neurons | Nerves that carry activity instruction from the CNS to muscles or glands out in the body; also called efferent neurons. |
| multiple sclerosis | Inflammatory disease of the CNS in which there is extreme weakness & numbness due to loss of myelin insulation from nerves. |
| muscles | Muscles are bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers. |
| myasthenia gravis | disease with severe muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse. |
| myelin | Tissue that wraps around many of the nerve fibers. It is composed of fatty material and functions as an insulator. |
| myelinated | Nerve fibers covered with a layer of myelin. |
| myelitis | spinal cord inflammation |
| myelogram | record of spinal cord |
| myelography | Injection of radiopaque dye into the spinal canal. An X-ray is then taken to examine the normal and abnormal outlines made by the dye. |
| myelomeningocele | Congenital condition in which the meninges & spinal cord protrude through an opening in the vertebral column. |
| narcotic analgesic | Drug used to treat severe pain; has the potential to be habit-forming if taking for a prolonged time. Opiates. Morphine, Demerol. |
| nerve block | Injection of regional anesthetic to stop the passage of sensory or pain impulses along a nerve path. |
| nerve cell body | The portion of the nerve cell that includes the nucleus. |
| nerve conduction velocity | Test that measures how fast an impulse travels along a nerve. Can pinpoint an area of nerve damage. |
| nerve root | The point where a spinal or cranial nerve is attached to the CNS. |
| nerves | Structures in the nervous system that conduct electrical impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and other organs. |
| neural | pertaining to nerves |
| neuralgia | nerve pain |
| neurectomy | removal of nerve |
| neuroglial cells | Cells that perform support functions for neurons. |
| neurologist | specialist in nerves |
| neurology | Branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the nervous system. Physician is a neurologist. |
| neuroma | nerve tumor |
| neuron | The name for an individual nerve cell. Neurons group together to form nerves and other nervous tissue. |
| neuropathy | nerve disease |
| neuroplasty | surgical repair of nerves |
| neurorrhaphy | suture of nerve |
| neurosurgery | Branch of medicine concerned with treating diseases & conditions of the nervous systems by surgical means. Physician is a neurosurgeon. |
| neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger that carries an electrical impulse across the gap between two neurons. |
| ocipital lobe | One of the four cerebral hemisphere lobes. It controls eyesight. |
| palsy | Temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement. |
| paralysis | Temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movement. |
| paraplegia | Paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs. |
| paresthesia | Abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling. |
| parasympathetic branch | A branch of the autonomic nervous system that serves as a counterbalance for the sympathetic nerves. It causes the heart rate to slow down, lowers the blood pressure, constricts eye pupils, & increases digestion. |
| parietal lobe | One of the four cerebral hemisphere lobes. It receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors. |
| Parkinson's disease | Chronic disorder of the nervous system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, & a shuffling gait. Named for British physician Sir James Parkinson. |
| peripheral nervous system | The portion of the nervous system that contains the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. These nerves are mainly responsible for voluntary muscle movement, smell, taste, sight, & hearing. |
| pia mater | The term means soft mother. This thin innermost meninges layer is applied directly to the surface of the brain. |
| poliomyelitis | Viral inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Results in varying degrees of paralysis, may be mild & reversible or severe & permanent. This disease has been almost eliminated due to a discovery of a vaccine in the 1950s. |
| polyneuritis | inflammation of many nerves |
| pons | This portion of the brain stem forms a bridge between the cerebellum & cerebrum. It is also where nerve fibers cross from 1 side of the brain to control functions & movement on the other side of the brain. |
| pontine | pertaining to the pons |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | Use of positive radionuclides to reconstruct brain sections. Measurement can be taken of oxygen & glucose uptake, cerebral blood flow, & blood volume. The amt of glucose the brain uses indicates how metabolically active the tissue is. |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of four |
| radiculitis | nerve root inflammation |
| radiculopathy | nerve root disease |
| Reye syndrome | Combination of symptoms first recognized by Australian pathologist R.D.K. Reye that includes acute encephalopathy & damage to organs, especially the liver. Occurs in children under 15 who've had a viral infection. It's also associated w/taking aspirin. |
| sedative | Drug that has a calming or relaxing effect. Amytal, Butisol. |
| seizure | Sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms, such as an epileptic seizure. |
| sensory neurons | Nerves that carry sensory information from sensory receptors to the brain; also called afferent neurons. |
| sensory receptors | Nerve fibers that are located directly under the surface of the skin. These receptors detect temperature, pain, touch, and pressure. The messages for these sensations are conveyed to the brain & spinal cord from the nerve endings in the skin. |
| shingles | eruption of painful blisters on the body along a nerve path. Thought to be caused by Herpes zoster virus infection of the nerve root. |
| somatic nerves | Nerves that serve the skin and skeletal muscles and are mainly involved with the conscious and voluntary activities of the body. |
| spina bifida | Congenital defect in the walls of the spinal canal in which the laminae of the vertebra don't meet or close. May result in a meningocele or a myelomeningocele. |
| spinal cavity | A dorsal body cavity within the spinal column that contains the spinal cord. |
| spinal cord | The spinal cord provides a pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain. It is a column of nerve fibers that extends from the medulla oblongata of the brain down to the level of the second lumber vertebra. |
| spinal cord injury | Damage to the spinal cord as a result of trauma. Spinal cord may be bruised or completely severed. |
| spinal nerve | A nerve that arises from the spinal cord. |
| subarachnoid space | The space located between the arachnoid layer and pia mater. It contains cerebrospinal fluid. |
| subdural hematoma | Mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma. May exert fatal pressure on the brain if the hematoma isn't drained by surgery. |
| subdural space | Space located between the dura mater and the arachnoid layer. |
| sulci | Also called fissures. The grooves that separate the gyri of the cerebral cortex. |
| sympathetic branch | A branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates the body in times of stress & crisis by increasing heart rate, dilating airways to allow for more oxygen, increasing blood pressure, inhibiting digestion, & stimulating the production of adrenaline. |
| synapse | The point at which the axon of one neuron meets the dendrite of the next neuron. |
| synaptic cleft | The gap between two neurons. |
| syncope | Fainting. |
| temporal lobe | One of the four cerebral hemisphere lobes. It controls hearing & smell. |
| thalamic | pertaining to the thalamus |
| thalamus | The thalamus is a portion of the diencephalon composed of gray matter. It acts as a center for relaying impulses from the eyes, ears, & skin to the cerebrum. Pain perception is also controlled by the thalamus. |
| tonic-clonic seizure | Type of severe epileptic seizure characterized by loss of consciousness & convulsions. The seizure alternates between strong continuous muscle spasms (tonic) & rhythmic muscle contraction & relaxation (clonic). Also called grand mal seizure. |
| tract | A bundle of fibers located within the central nervous system. |
| tractotomy | Surgical interruption of a nerve tract in the spinal cord. Used to treat intractable pain or muscle spasms. |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | Temporary interference w/blood supply to the brain, causing neurological symptoms such as dizziness, numbness, & hemiparesis. May lead to a full-blown stroke (cerebrovascular accident). |
| tremor | Involuntary or repetitive alternating movement of a part of the body. |
| unconscious | Condition or state of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli. |
| ventricles | fluid-filled spaces within the cerebrum. These contain cerebrospinal fluid, which is the watery, clear fluid that provides a protection from shock or sudden motion to the brain. |
| vertebral canal | The bony canal through the vertebrate that contains the spinal cord. |
| vertebral column | spinal column |
| white matter | Tissue in the central nervous system. It consists of myelinated nerve fibers. |
Created by:
AltheaMathews
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