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CHAPT 6 SKELETAL
SKELETAL SYSTEM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The medical condition called ____________ is a degenerative disorder characterized by a decrease in bone density | OSTEOPOROSIS |
| Inflammation of the joint is called | ARTHRITIS |
| What is OSSIFICATION | Bone Formation |
| What is OSTEON | Fundamental unit of compact bone, cylinder of osteacytes surrounded by central canal |
| What is ARTICULATION? | Where BONES MEET JOINTS |
| What is LIGAMENT? | CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT HOLDS BONES TOGETHER |
| WHAT IS A TENDON? | Connective TISSUE THAT HOLDS MUSCLE TO BONE |
| What is REDUCTION? | Brining the ends of a fractured bone into alignment |
| What is a COMPOUND FRACTURE? | Broken bones that protrudes through the skin |
| What is a COMMINUTED FRACTURE? | Broken bone in which the bone is CRUSHED INTO FRAGMENTS or SPLINTERS |
| When a FRACTURE BREAKS THE SKIN it is called a? | COMPOUND FRACTURE |
| What is the 1st STEP IN BONE REPAIR? | Hematoma formation and Inflammation |
| According to the TEXTBOOK what DECREASES BONE MASS? | CAFFEINE; COFFEE OR COLA = TOBACCO; CIGARETTES SMOKING |
| Before a bone can heal, it must be ____ to make sure the ends of the bone are touching | REDUCED |
| What is the FUNCTION OF OSTEOBLASTS | Build NEW BONES; secrects bone matrix |
| Where are OSTEOPROJENITOR CELLS found? | PERIOSTEUM |
| What is the PRIMARY COMPONENT of the SKELETON? | BONE |
| The PHALANGES and ULNA ARE EXAMPLES OF WHAT TYPE OF BONE? | LONG SHAPED |
| The MANDIBLE and CERVICAL VERTEBRAE are examples of what type of bone? | IRREGULAR SHAPED |
| The expanded ends of long bones are called? | EPIPHYSES |
| Most fibrous joints are .... | SLIGHTLY MOVABLE |
| What SUBSTANCE is housed in SPONGY BONE yet is ABSENT IN the MEDULLARY CAVITY | RED BONE MARROW |
| WHAT TYPE OF BONY TISSUE MAKES UP THE ADULT DIAPHYSIS? | COMPACT BONE |
| MATURE BONE CELLS ARE CLINCALLY CALLED: | OSTEOCYTES |
| MATURE BONE CELLS ARE HOUSED IN TINY HOLES? | LACUNAE |
| NODDING THE HEAD IN AN AGGRESSIVE GESTURE OF "YES" IS EMPLOYING: | FLEXION/EXTENSION |
| What is PERIOSTEUM? | Tough fibrous connective tissure that covers bones. |
| What is the ANCHOR POINT FOR LIGAMENTS? | PERIOSTEUM |
| What is the EPIPHYSIS? | Is the EXPANDED END OF THE LONG BONE |
| What are the 4 functions of the skeleton | Frame Work, Produce blood cells, Protects Organs, the warehouse for mineral storage |
| Long bones are | Longer than they are wide |
| Short bones are | equal in width and legnth |
| Flat bones are | Thin; Flat or curved |
| Irregular bones are | Oddly shaped |
| What is the region that runs between the 2 epiphyses | DIAPHYSIS |
| Osteons | (Haversian Systme)` |
| What does OSTEOCLASTS DO> | Tear down bone; move calcium and phosphate into the blood |
| After you ar born does the epiphysis on your LONG BONES contiune to grow? | Yes |
| Bone repair is accomblished by the same process as bone growth | Endochondrial Ossification |
| Stage 1 of Bone Repair is | where the hematoma formation begins in inflammation |
| Stage 2 is | SOFT (fibrocartilage) callus formation, cartilage fills in the space |
| What is CARTILAGE | A FORM OF DENSET CONNECTIVE TISSURE |
| How does CARTIALGE ACT as a SHOCK ABSORBER | It prevents the ends from grinding to gether |
| Joints are also known as | articulation |
| Ligaments are very | tough |
| Tendons are | cord like structures that attach muscle to bone |
| Joints are classified by thier | function and structure |
| Fibrous joints are held together by | short connective tissue strands |
| Cartilaginous – | held together by cartilage |
| Gliding joints – | flat or slightly curved, platelike bones found in your wrists and ankles; slide back and forth |
| Hinge joints | one bone is in the shape of a cylinder and the other a trough; found in your knees and elbows; open and close |
| Saddle joints – | one bone shaped just like a saddle and another bone similar to a horse’s back, in the base of your thumb; rock up and down and side to side |
| Ellipsoidal joints (also called condyloid joints) – | two axes of movement through the same bone; knuckles of your fingers are ellipsoidal joints |
| Pivot joints – | rotate; circular portion of one bone that spins inside a ring-shaped portion of the other; neck and forearm |
| Ball-and-socket joint – | all types of movement, including rotation; spherical articulation with a cup-shaped socket; hips and shoulders and can perform |
| Flexion – | Bending a joint and decreasing the angle between involved bones |
| Extension – | Straightening a joint Plantar flexion – Pointing toes down |
| Dorsiflexion – | Bending the foot up toward the body |
| Abduction – | Moving away from the body’s midline |
| Adduction – | Moving toward the midline of the body |
| Inversion – | Turning the foot inward toward other foot |
| Eversion – | Turning foot outward away from opposing foot |
| Supination – | Turning hand palm up |
| Pronation – | Turning hand palm down |
| Protraction – | Drawing a part forward |
| Retraction – | Drawing backward |
| Circumduction – | Circular arm movement of a pitcher |
| Rotation – | Spinning on axis |
| Axial skeleton – | Bones of the bony thorax, spinal column, hyoid bone, bones of the middle ear, and skull; they protect the body organs and total 80 |
| Appendicular skeleton – | Bones of your arms, legs, hips, and shoulders and total 126 bones |
| The sternum | Manubrium – superior portion Body – central portion Xiphoid – inferior portion |
| True ribs – | pairs 1 to 7; vertebrosternal – connect anteriorly to the sternum and posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae |
| False ribs – | pairs 8 to 10; vertebrocostal – connect to cartilage of the superior rib and to the thoracic vertebrae |
| Floating – | pairs 11 and 12 no anterior attachment |
| Protects the spinal cord, | the superhighway for information traveling to and from the central nervous system |
| Cartilage | The chemical composition changes – more brittle and yellow due to calcification. Can lead to arthritis |
| Osteoporosis – | weaker lighter bone more prone to breakage. More common in women than men. |
| Prevention – | calcium and vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise, quit smoking, limit caffeine |
| Hairline fracture – | a fine fracture that doesn’t completely break or displace the bone |
| Simple or closed fracture – | break with minimal displacement and no tear in the skin |
| Greenstick fracture – | incomplete break; often found in children |
| Spiral fracture – | twisting motion to the bone |
| Comminuted fracture – | bone fragments or splinters |
| Compound or open fracture – | bone protrudes through the skin, with the potential of infection from exposure |
| The 206 bones of the skeleton can be classified according to their | SHAPE |
| epiphysis, and the shaft is called the | diaphysis |
| The hollow region within the diaphysis | is called the medullary cavity and stores yellow marrow. |
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