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Muscles CH8
Muscle structure, contraction, responses, cardiac, smooth, and actions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What protein stops stem cells from growing into muscle cells? | Myostatin |
| Muscular actions include.. | muscle tone, propel fluids and food, heartbeat, and heat |
| types of mucles | skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
| what is fascia | |
| what does fascia do | seperates an individual skeletal muscle from adjacent muscles and holdit in position |
| what is an aponeuroses | fibrous sheet of connective tissue |
| what is the layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle | epimysium |
| layers of ct that separate the muscle tissue into small compartments | perimysium |
| compartments in a muscle tissue that contain bundles of skeletal muscle fibers | fascicles |
| thin covering of ct within a fascicle | endomysium |
| what allows parts to move independently | layers of ct enclosing and separating all parts of a skeletal muscle |
| what is a single cell that contracts in response to stimulation and then relaxes | a skeletal muscle fiber |
| what is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber | sarcolemma |
| what is the cytoplasm | sarcoplasm |
| what does the sarcoplasm contain | nuclei and mitochondria and myofibrils |
| what proteins are myofibrils made of | thick-myosin, thin-actin |
| the organization of filaments produces what | light and dark striations, or bands on a muscle fiber |
| striations of skeletal muscle that for a repeating pattern of units | sarcomeres |
| what are the two main parts of the stiration of the muscle | I bands (light)(actin) directly attached to Z lines, and A bands (dark)(myosin overlapping actin)with a central Hzone and thickening M line |
| what holds the thick filaments in place | M line |
| where does a sarcomere extend | from one Z line to the next |
| What forms the sarcoplasmic reticulum | network of membranous channels that surrounds each myofibril and runs parallel to it |
| What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum correspond to | endoplasmic reticulum of other cells |
| Transverse Tubules open to where and lie between what | the outside of the fiber and cisternae |
| What activates the muscle contrafction mechanism when the muscle fibner is stimulated | sarcoplasmic reticulum and t tubules |
| What is a muscle strain | tearing of muscle |
| Neurons that control effectors | motor neurons |
| Two twisted protein strands with globular parts | myosin molecule |
| Globular structure with a binding site forming a helix | actin |
| Proteins part of actin | troponin and tropomyosin |
| Functional unit of skeletal muscles | sarcomere |
| Contraction is the shortening of what within muscle fibers | sarcomeres |
| Shows actin-myosin interactions and name for how sarcomeres shorten | sliding filament model |
| Catalyzes breakdown of ATP to ADP and phosphate | ATPase |
| ATPase found where | globular parts of myosin filaments |
| Molecule that regenerates ADP & Phosphate to ATP | creatine phosphate |
| Stores energy released from mitochondria | creatine phosphate |
| When ATP is sufficient, what catalyzes the synthesis of creatine phosphate | creatine phosphokinase |
| When ATP and Creatine phosphate are exhausted, what synthesizes ATP | cellular respiration of glucose |
| Glycolosis can take place when | in the absence of oxygen |
| The more complete breakdown of glucose occurs where and needs what | mitochondria and oxygen |
| Oxygen is bound to what when carried by red blood cells | hemoglobin |
| What temporarily stores oxygen | myoglobin |
| In anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken down by glycolosis to make what | pyruvic acid |
| When oxygen is low, Pyruvic acid reacts to produce | lactic acid |
| Lactic acid goes to what organ | liver |
| How to reactions in liver that require ATP get it | synthesize glucose from lactic acid |
| As lactic acid accumulates, a person develops | oxygen debt |
| Lactic acid buildup lowers what | PH |
| Less than half of energy released in cellular respiration is used and the rest is lost as | heat |
| Minimum amount of energy needed to contract a muscle | threshold stimulus |
| Fast twitch for | sprinter |
| Slow twitch for | marathon runner |
| Motor unit and muscles it controls | motor unit |
| M line are in what 2 things | Hzone and A Band |
| Aceytelcholinesterase does what | breaks down acetycholine |
| Recruitment | increase of motor units |
| Sustained contraction impulses | rapid series of impules (summation and recruitment) |
| Muscle tone | muscle at rests’ sustained contraction |
| Hypertrophy | make muscles larger |
| atrophy | muscles smaller |
| what works in a true syncitium | cardiac muscle |
| smooth muscle is | involuntary |
| two types of smooth muscle | multiunit and visceral (mass unit) |
| two places where multiunit is found | iris and erector pili muscles |
| where visceral is found | wall of gastrointestinal trat |
| what 2 neurotransmitter triggers contraction in smooth | norephineprine or acetycholine |
| what besides neurotransmitters can trigger contractions in smoother muscle | hormones |
| a myofibril is | sarcomeres joined end to end |
| muscle fibers are a collection of | sarcomeres |
| functional connection of an axon and membrane | synapse |
| syapse between motor neuron and fiber it controls | neuromuscular juncition |
| in motor end plate, what is abundant | mitochondria and nuclei |
| synaptic vescicles store what | neurotransmitters |
| force generated by contractions reflects what 2 things | freq at which the muscle fibers are stimulated and how many fibers take part |
| tentanic contraction | forceful sustained contraction without partial relaxation |
| sustained contraction | rectuitment and summation together (rapid series of impulses) |
| multiunit smooth muscle fibers | separate |
| visceral smooth muscle cells | what type of muscle are cells spindle shaped in sheets close together |
| visceral sm display what | rhythmicity (pattern of repeated contraction) |
| what 2 things are responsible for peristalsis | transmission of impulses form cell to cell and rhythmicity |
| which is faster smooth or skeletal | skeletal muscle |
| what can maintain a forcel contraction for a long time | smooth muscle |
| smooth muscle can change what without pressure | length |
| cells of cardiac look how | branched, triated cells in 3d network |
| which twitches are longer skeletal or cardiac | cardiac |
| cells in cardiac muscle are connected by | intercalated disks |
| what do intercalated disks do | allow muscle impulses to pass freely to travel fast form cell to cell |
| origin | immovable end of muscle |
| insertion | movable end of muscle |
| flexion | decresion of angle |
Created by:
kbaalman
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