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A&P 2 - E4 - P1
A&P 2 - Exam 4 - Part 1 - Urinary & Nephron Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The _________ are the principal organs of the urinary system. | kidneys |
| Accessory organs of the urinary system include the _______, _______ and _________. | ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| The urinary system regulates the contents of _________ to maintain the homeostasis of the internal fluid environment within normal limits. | blood plasma |
| The shape of the kidneys are roughly oval with a ________ indentation. | medial |
| The size of the kidneys are approximately ____ by ____ by _____. | 11cm, 7cm, 3cm |
| The ______ kidney is often larger than the _______ kidney. | left, right |
| Which kidney is lower? | right |
| The kidneys are located in a _______ position. | retroperitoneal |
| The kidneys lie on either side of the vertebral column between vertebrae ____ and ______. | T12, L3 |
| Renal _______ anchors the kidneys to the surrounding structures. | fasciae |
| A heavy cushion of _____ surrounds each kidney. | fat |
| _________ comprise much of the medullary tissue of the kidneys. | renal pyramids |
| ________ are areas of the kidneys where cortical tissue dips into the medulla between the pyramids. | renal columns |
| ________ are cuplike structures of the kidney at each renal papilla which collect urine. | calyx |
| Calyces are cuplike structures of the kidney at each renal ________ which collect urine. | papilla |
| Calyces join together to form the _________. | renal pelvis |
| The renal pelvis narrows as it exits the kidney to become the ________. | ureter |
| The _______ narrows as it exits the kidney to become the ureter. | renal pelvis |
| Kidneys are highly __________. | vascularized |
| The renal artery is a large branch of the ___________. | abdominal aorta |
| The _________ is a large branch of the abdominal aorta. | renal artery |
| The _________ brings blood into each kidney. | renal artery |
| Between the pyramids of the medulla, the renal artery branches into _______ arteries which extend toward the cortex. | interlobar |
| ________ arteries arch over the bases of the pyramids. | arcuate |
| _________ arteries penetrate the cortex. | interlobular |
| Pattern of blood flow through kidneys from the interlobular artery to the interlobular vein is ________. | interlobular artery > afferent ateriole > glomerulus > efferent arteriole > peritubular capillaries (including vasa recta) > venules > interlobular vein |
| The _______ is located where the afferent arteriole brushes past the distal tubule. | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located where the afferent arteriole brushes past the _________. | distal tubule |
| The _________ is important to the maintenance of blood flow homeostasis by reflexively secreting renin when blood pressure in the afferent arteriole drops. | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus is important to the maintenance of blood flow homeostasis by reflexively secreting ______ when blood pressure in the afferent arteriole drops. | renin |
| The _______ are tubes running from each kidney to the urinary bladder. | ureters |
| The ureters are composed of what 3 layers? | mucous lining, muscular middle layer, and a fibrous outer layer |
| The ________ is a collapsible bag located behind the symphysis pubis. | urinary bladder |
| The urinary bladder is a collapsible bag located behind the _________. | symphysis pubis |
| The urinary bladder is mostly made up of _________ tissue. | smooth muscle |
| The lining of the urinary bladder forms ridges called _______. | rugue |
| The urinary bladder can ________ considerably. | distend |
| The urinary bladder acts as a reservoir for _______ prior to its leaving the body. | urine |
| The urinary bladder expels urine from the body through what tube? | urethra |
| The mechanism for voiding is also known as _______. | micturition urination |
| Urination normally requires the voluntary relaxation of the _________ muscle. | external sphincter |
| During urination, regions of the ________ muscle contract reflexively. | detrusor |
| Urine is forced out of the bladder and through the _______. | urethra |
| The urethra extends from the ________ of the bladder to the exterior of the body. | trigone |
| The urethra is a small, _______ lined tube. | mucous membrane |
| In females, the urethra lies posterior to ________ and anterior to the _______. | symphysis pubis, vagina |
| In females, the urethra is approximately ____ long. | 3 cm |
| In males, the urethra passes through the _______ gland. | prostate |
| In males, the urethra is joined by two _______ ducts. | ejaculatory |
| In males, the urethra ends at the orifice known as the _________. | urinary meatus |
| In males, the urethra is approximately ____ long. | 20 cm |
| In males, the urethra is part of the _______ system as well as the _______ system. | urinary, reproductive |
| ________ are the microscopic functional units that make up the bulk of the kidney. | nephrons |
| Nephrons are the microscopic __________ that make up the bulk of the kidney. | functional units |
| A _________ is a glomerular capsule with an enclosed glomerulus. | renal corpuscle |
| The _________ is the cup-shaped mouth of a nephron. | Bowman's capsule |
| The Bowman's capsule is formed by ______ and ______ walls with a space between them. | parietal, visceral |
| ________ in the visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule are packed closely together to form _______ slits. | pedicels, filtration |
| A slit diaphragm prevents _______ from enlarging under pressure. | filtration slits |
| The ________ is a network of fine capillaries in the Bowman's capsule. | glomerulus |
| Together, the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule are known as a _________. | renal corpuscle |
| Renal corpuscles are located in the ________ of the kidney. | cortex |
| The glomerular-capsular membrane is formed by glomerular ________, the ________ and the ________. | endothelium, basement membrane, visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule |
| The glomerular-capsular membrane's function is ________. | filtration |
| The _________ is the first part of renal tubule nearest to the Bowman's capsule. | proximal tubule |
| The proximal tubule is also known as the proximal ________ tubule. | convoluted |
| The ________ is a renal tubule segment just beyond proximal tubule. | loop of Henle |
| The loop of Henle consists of a ______ descending limb, a sharp turn, and a ______ ascending limb. | thin, thick |
| The ________ consists of a thin descending limb, a sharp turn, and a thick ascending limb. | loop of Henle |
| A _________ nephron is a nephron with a loop of Henle that dips into the medulla. | juxtamedullary |
| A _________ nephron is a nephron with a loop of Henle that does not dip into the medulla but remains within the cortex. | cortical |
| A _______ is a convoluted tubule beyond the loop of Henle. | distal tubule |
| The distal tubule is also known as the distal ________ tubule. | convoluted |
| The _________ is a straight tubule joined by the distal tubules of several nephrons. | collecting duct |
| The collecting duct is a straight tubule joined by the ______ tubules of several nephrons. | distal |
| Larger collecting ducts of one renal pyramid converge to form one tube that opens at a _______ into a _______. | renal papilla, calyx |
| Larger ________ of one renal pyramid converge to form one tube that opens at a renal papilla into a calyx. | collecting ducts |
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