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EU Civ Exam 2
Cowley
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Galileo on Nature, Scripture, and Truth | 17th century - Sci. Rev. Letter to Grand Dutchess Christina. Galileo says both scripture and physical phenomena are God's word, and they do not contradict each other, therefore the study of science is not blasphemy. |
| Two Reactions to "New Philosophy" | 17th c. 1st view: poem by John Donne expresses loss & confusion associated w/ Sci. Rev. 2nd view: Francis Bacon says science may bring uncomfortable ideas, important to learn them. He proposes a middle ground b/w dogma thinking & experimental thinking. |
| Newton on Purposes of Experimental Philosophy | 18th c - Sci. Rev. In the 2nd edition of the Principia, he states that no room for hypothesis in experimental philosophy. Conclusions made after discovery. Doesn't know what causes gravity, its just there. |
| Slavery and the Enlightenment | 18th c. Encyclopedia entry argues slavery is legally impossible because slaves have natural right to be free. |
| Rousseau and his Readers | 18th c. - Enlightenment. Rou. in Emile says women are incapable of learning science and philosophy and should learn what supports and pleases men. Wollstonecraft says this is bullshit and wants equality for men and women. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | 18th c. - French Rev. Outlines equality of all people, says gvmt exists to protect rights, and people can do anything that doesn't interfere with other's rights. |
| Olympe de Gouges, Dec. of Rights of Woman and Citizen | 18th c. - French Rev. Says men do not have right to suppress women. Gives nature, where sexes are intertwined in harmony, as example. |
| Factory System, Science, Morality: Two Views | 19th c. - Industrial Rev. Ure says it is beneficial both to society & to people because they do not have to use as much physical effort. Engels says its bad because unemployment, child labor, and long hours forcing family abandonment. |
| Atrocities in the Congo | 19th c. - Colonialism. George Washington Williams, black journalist, writes King Leopold about horrible conditions, broken promises, and to answer for these injustices. |
| Copernicus | Earth around sun |
| Johannes Kepler | Planetary motion; improved Copernicus's theories. |
| Galileo | Telescope; conflict with church. |
| Francis Bacon | Inductive reasoning - observations then theories. |
| Rene Decartes | Discourse on Method: knowledge through doubt. "I think therefore I am". |
| Isaac Newton | Light, calculus, gravity. Principia Mathmatica. |
| John Locke | Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Tabula rasa. Goodness of humanity through moral improvement and social progress. |
| Voltaire | Philosophical Letters. Admires British gvmt, checks and balances, religious toleration. |
| Montesquieu | The Spirit of the Laws. Examination of gvmts. |
| Diderot | Encyclopedia. Scientific analysis of human knowledge. |
| Beccaria | On Crimes and Punishments. Reason and human dignity. Punishment does not equal social vengence, needed to prevent crimes. Opposed torture and death penalty. |
| Rousseau | The Social Contract. Democracy, equality, and freedom. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Vindication of the rights of women. Women capable of reason, equality b/w men and women. |
| Marat | Bathtub dude, journalist French Rev. |
| Danton | French Rev. Killed by terror advocates. Minister of justice. |
| Directory | Temp French gvmt b/w radicals and Napoleon. |
| Napoleonic France | Takes church land, freedom of religion, civil code, censorship & secret police, women lose rights. |
| Continental System | Trade embargo against Britain. Failed horribly. |
| Jean-Jacques Dessalines | First ruler of Haiti. Declares independence. |
| Berlin Conference | Decides rules for colonialization: as long as no other Europeans there, fair game. No African representatives. |