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MC Neuro Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| merges with the periaqueductal gray. Responsible for cold reflex(shivering) | Posterior hypothalamus area |
| plays a role in aggressive behavior | Dorsomedial nucleus |
| satiety center, suppresses appetite; lesion here increases appetite. | Ventral medial nucleus |
| feeding center; lesion here decreases appetite | lateral hypothalamus area |
| involved in short term memory. chronic alcoholism can damage this structure due to lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the diet or inadequate absorption from GI tract and inadequate storage in the liver; the clinical condition is called Korsakoff's syndrome. | mammillary body |
| secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin, and oxytocin into capillary beds of the posterior pituitary gland. Nuclei project only to posterior pituitary gland. some neurons project to ventral medial nucleus & lateral hypothalamus regulate feeding | paraventricular nucleus (PV) and supraoptic nucleus (SO) |
| neurons release "releasing hormones" which are carried via the portall system to cells of the anterior pituitary gland and stimulate anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones. plays a role in appetite (PYY, TRH, GnRH) | arcuate nucleus |
| secretes Gonadal Releasing Hormone (GnRH), aka luteinizing releasing hormone (LHRH) | preoptic area |
| regulates body temperature, sweating, limbido, and maternal instincts | anterior nucleus |
| does not have normal BBB. neurons are sensitive to osmolarity of body fluids. If osmolarity goes up, neurons stimulate neurons in PV and SO to release ADH | area of the lamina terminalis |
| receives input from the retina for circadian rhythms for time of hormone release relative to light/dark cycles | suprachiasmic nucleus |
| two components of the reticular formation | ascending reticular formation (sleep-wake cycle) and descending reticular formation (ANS; motor movement) |
| located medially in upper medulla. Major spinal projections which are important for influeincing muscle tone and locomotion. Projections mostly ipsilateral. Projections so sacral neurons inhibit penile erections | gigantocellular reticular necleus |
| located lateral to the gigantocellular nuclei. Extends from upper medulla to the motor trigeminal nucleus. Major projections to cranial nerve motor nuclei concerned with chewing, licking, swallowing, and vomiting | parvicellular reticular nucleus |
| located near the superior cerebellar peduncles. Involved in taste, feeding and drinking. May also proviede switch that decides in ingest or spit out a morsel of food based on taste. Contains the PNEUMOTAXIC center of the respiration (turns inhalation off) | parabrachial reticular nucleus |
| Dorsal respiratory group | located in nucleus solitarius. Inspiratory neurons during quiet respiration |
| ventral respiratory group | in nucleus ambiguus. involved in inspiration and expiration during non-quiet breathing |
| micturition center located medial to the locus ceruleus | barrington nucleus |
| located in upper pons and lower midbrain. important part of reticular activating center. thought responsible for atonia during REM sleep. | pedunculopontine nucleus |
| located in midbrain. plays a role in selective attention | cuneiform and subcuneiform nucleus |
| located in medial ponns. major projections to spinal cord concerned with muscle tone. Projections mostly ipsilateral. divided into Oral pontine reticular and caudal pontine reticular nuclei. involved in REM. contains PPRF | pontine reticular nucleus |
| located in medial pons. Considered "lateral (horizontal) gaze center" for eye movement | paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) |
| located in rostral portion of the MLF of the midbrain. Considered the "vertical Gaze center" for eye movement | Rostral Interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) |
| nuclei located in medial medulla, pons, and midbrain. Involved in pain inhibition and sleep cycles. May or may not be considered apart of reticular formation | Raphe nuclei |
| not considered reticular nucleus. Bilateral structure found in posteriror region of rostral pons & caudal midbrain. diffuse synapse. involved in regulation of attention, arousal, sleep wake cycle, learning & memory, anxiety, pain & mood. norepinephrine | locus ceruleus |
| synergy | cooperation or coordination in muscle action |
| dyssynergy (asynergy) | range, direction, amplitude and force of muscle contractions are inappropriate. Dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesia result from asynergy in muscle groups. |
| ataxia (dystaxia) | asynergic distrubance in which there is a distortion of voluntary and associated movements. Invoves particularly the axial, shoulder, and pelvic girdle muscles. |
| decomposition of movement | because of asynergy in muscle groups movements are separated into several "puppet-like" movements |
| dysmetria | loss of ability to gauge the distance, speed or power of a movement, ("overshoot" or "past-pointing") or movement may be stopped before the goal is reached |
| hypasthenia (asthenia) | decrease (loss)of muscle strength; muscles tire easily and there may be slowness in movements. |
| hypotonia | muscle flaccidity with decrease in resistance to passive movement of the joints |
| diadochokinesia | rapid alternating movements E.g. flexion and extension of fingers or pronation and supination of forearm |
| dysdiadochokinesia (adiadochokinesia) | rapidly alternating movements performed clumsily, slowly or not at all. |
| intention tremor (action tremor) | tremor not seen at rest but becomes evident on purposeful movement. Best observed in upper extremity (weight bearing masks it in lower extremity) and it becomes more evident as the hand approaches its objective (terminal tremor) |
Created by:
jacquess17
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