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Cells - WHS
WHS A&P Vocabulary Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell | basic unit of life |
| cell differentiation | process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function |
| tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| nucleus | control center of the cell; contains DNA |
| cytoplasm | material between the cell membrane and the nucleus |
| plasma membrane | thin flexible barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell; composed of two layers of lipids |
| nucleolus | small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins |
| nuclear membrane | highly porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
| chromatin | long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins; condenses to form chromosomes |
| nuclear pore | regulates materials passing through nuclear membrane |
| intracellular fluid | fluid residing inside the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions |
| extracellular fluid | all body fluid other than that contained within cells; includes plasma and interstitial fluid |
| cytosol | fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| organelle | specialized structure that performs specific functions within cell |
| free ribosome | floats around in cytoplasm; makes proteins that will stay within the cell |
| fixed ribosome | ribosome bound to the endoplasmic reticulum; makes proteins for export outside the cell |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | no attached ribosomes; three main functions: intracellular transport, lipid synthesis, drug and alcohol detoxification |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | has attached ribosomes; produces membrane and secretory proteins |
| Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
| lysosome | organelle that contains digestive enzymes |
| peroxisome | organelles that contain the hydrogen peroxide produced by lipid metabolism; convert the toxic hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen using catalase |
| mitochondria | organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into ATP through cellular respiration |
| cytoskeleton | network of protein fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
| microfilament | thin, solid protein fibers that provide structural support for the cell |
| microtubule | tubes of protein; form the mitotic spindle during cell division, form cilia and flagella, and are used for intracellular structure and transport |
| microvilli | projections that increase the cell's surface area |
| cilia | short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell |
| flagellum | hair-like projection on a sperm cell that makes it motile |
| phospholipid bilayer | double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes |
| selective permeability | property of the plasma membrane that allows it to control movement of substances into or out of the cell |
| passive transport | movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy |
| active transport | energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient |
| simple diffusion | movement of molecules across the cell membrane from high to low concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| isotonic | when the concentrations of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal |
| hypotonic | when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration in the cytosol |
| hypertonic | when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration in the cytosol |
| facilitated diffusion | movement of specific molecules across cell membranes from high to low concentration through protein channels |
| exchange pump | carrier mechanism that moves ions in opposite directions against their concentration gradients requiring energy |
| exocytosis | process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell by fusing with the cell membrane |
| endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane to form a vesicle |
| phagocytosis | process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell |
| pinocytosis | process by which certain cells engulf extracellular fluid |
| interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions |
| mitosis | division of the cell nucleus |
| prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible |
| metaphase | second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
| anaphase | third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles |
| telophase | last phase of mitosis, chromosome are in two new cells and nuclear membranes start to reform |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell division |
| tumor | a mass of abnormal cells |
| benign | not cancerous |
| malignant | cancerous |
| metastasis | process by which cancer cells spread from their original site through blood or lymph |
| epithelium | tissue that covers all free surfaces of the body |
| connective tissue | tissue that binds, supports, and protects body structures, includes cartilage, tendons, fat, blood |
| avascular | lacking a blood supply |
| vascular | containing blood vessels |
| glia | provide physical and functional support to neurons in the brain and spinal cord |
| irritability | ability to respond to stimuli |
| conductivity | ability to conduct an electric current |
| stem cell | unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions |
Created by:
mshunt
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