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emotion/motivation
intergrative neuroscience
Question | Answer |
---|---|
describe fear conditioning | fearful memories are permanent, therefore the response to them must be modified rather than the memory itself |
pyramidal/extrapyramidal: lesion to which will result in lack of ability to produce an unconscious smile | extrapyramidal |
extrapyramidal lesion produces _____ smile | duchenne |
which 4 structures form the HHPA axis? | hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal |
what does the HHPA axis regulate? | hormonal stress responses |
HHPA axis is what type of loop? | inhibitory feedback loop |
hippocampus communicates via which NT? | glutamate |
which nucleus does the hippocampus excite in the hypothalamus? | paraventricular |
describe behavior of paraventricular neurons after excitation | they do not synapse with other neurons, but send axons to neural lobe of posterior pituitary |
what substance does the neural lobe secrete? | corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) |
where does the posterior pituitary project? | corticotropes of anterior pituitary |
what does the anterior pituitary secrete? | ACTH |
where does ACTH project? | enters general circulation until reaching fasciculate cells of adrenal cortex |
adrenal cortex secretes _______ | corticosteroids |
corticosteroids can cross... | blood-brain barrier |
3 functions of corticosteroids | immune suppression, increase blood pressure/heart rate, increase catabolism |
function of corticosteroids in HHPA axis | inhibits function of hippocampus, stopping stress response |
when is peak release of cortisol? | roughly 30 mins after stressful event |
how long does it take to complete the feedback loop? | about an hour |
the PVN and pituitary form the... | pituitary portal circulation |
what is the interior adrenal called? | medulla |
the glomelular layer of the adrenal cortex is sensitive to what substance? | angiotensin II |
what does the glomelular layer of the adrenal cortex release | aldosterone |
aldosterone is known as a... | mineralo-corticoid |
the fascicular zone of the adrenal ctx is sensitive to what substance? | ACTH |
fasciculata of adrenal ctx releases what substance? | gluco-corticoids |
what does the medulla release? | adrenaline |
function of macrophages in immune system | phagocytosis |
what is released by macrophages? | interleukens |
function of interleukens | stimulate release of CRF in posterior pituitary |
what inhibits lymphocytes | cortisol |
lymphocytes are a source of... | ACTH |
3 disorders mediates by biogenic amines | schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder |
which 2 substances decrease with age? | catecholamines, serotonin |
hypothalamus is intimately involved in regulation of which 2 functions? | ANS & stress responses |
VTA has _____ properties | pedonic |
how does the VTA project to the forebrain? | via the median forebrain bundle |
4 parts of hypothalamic limbic system | mammilary bodies, PVN, LH, VMH |
2 basal forebrain aspects of limbic system | n. accumbens & septal n. |
the septal n. is a major source of what NT? | ACh |
2 fiber pathways of limbic system | fornix & stria terminalis |
2 limbic nuclei | MD & anterior thalamic |
3 cortices of limbic system | cingulate, medial temporal lobe, prefrontal |
2 brain structures of limbic system | hypothalamus, amygdala |
describe motor/sensory inputs/outputs of medial cortical limbic lobes | no direct motor output or direct sensory input, except olfactory |
describe, in general, the connections of the hippocampus & amygdala | they are curved, taking longest possible routes, rather than direct |
describe negative feedback loop of immune system | lymphocytes are inhibited by cortisol, but release ACTH that triggers release of cortisol... the immune system further inhibition of itself |
pathway of pyramidal cells in hippocampus (4 steps) | CA3 > CA1 > subiculum > entorhinal ctx |
pathway of pyramidal cells in amygdala (3 steps) | lateral n. → basolateral n. → central n |