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sleeping/waking
intergrative neuroscience
Question | Answer |
---|---|
how long are infradian cycles? | more than a day |
how long are circadian cycles? | about a day |
how long are untradian cycles? | less than a day |
4 examples of untradian cycles | feeding, respiration, heart rate, nerve impulse discharge |
4 examples of circadian cycles | sleeping/waking, body temp, body electrolytes, some hormones |
4 examples of infradian cycles | lifespan, menstrual cycle, seasonal variations, development & aging |
awake with eyes open produces what type of EEG waves? | beta |
awake with eyes closed produces what type of EEG waves? | alpha |
what percent of the sleep cycle is spent in stage 1? | 4-5% |
describe stage 1 sleep | light, muscle activity slows, occasional muscle twitching |
what percent of the sleep cycle is spent in stage 2? | 45-55% |
what percent of the sleep cycle is spent in stage 3? | 4-5% |
what percent of the sleep cycle is spent in stage 4? | 12-15% |
what percent of the sleep cycle is spent in stage 5? | 20-25% |
describe stage 2 sleep | breathing pattern & heart rate slows, slight decrease in body temp |
at what stage does deep sleep begin? | 3 |
which 2 stages of sleep are referred to as the sleep spindle? | 2 & 3 |
stage 4 of the sleep cycle is known as... | slow wave sleep |
stage 4 produces which type of EEG waves? | delta (high amplitude) |
which sleep stage is characterized by very deep, rhythmic breathing and limited muscle activity? | 4 |
stage 5 of the sleep cycle is known as... | REM/ paradoxical sleep |
describe EEG waves of stage 5 sleep | low frequency, they look like that of someone who is awake |
describe stage 5 sleep | rapid eye movement, brainwaves speed up, muscles relax, heart rate increase, breathing is rapid & shallow |
during which stage does the brain begin to produce slow delta waves? | 3 |
during which stage does dreaming occur? | 5 |
when is the lowest level of energy consumption during the sleep/wake cycle? | SWS, non-REM sleep |
sleep allows us to build up cellular stores of... | ATP |
which nuclei are responsible for inhibiting muscle activity during REM sleep? | pedunculopontine |
location of pedunculopontine nuclei | reticular formation |
function of pedunculopontine nuclei | activate sensory thalamic nuclei & Renshaw cells in spinal cord |
memory is affected by lack of which type of sleep? | REM |
which 2 stages of the sleep/wake cycle are low voltage & mixed frequency? | 1 & 5 |
during which stage are sleep spindles & K complexes found? | 2 |
stage 3 sleep has mostly ____ voltages | slow |
describe oral melatonin's effect on the normal sleep cycle | it can be disruptive |
when does peak melatonin production occur? | several hours after being asleep, when body temperature is lowest |
HAB projects to which gland? | pineal |
PVN helps regulate _____ behavior | feeding |
HAB is involved in _____ secretion | melatonin |
which 2 cortices are inactivated during REM sleep | dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior cingulate |
which 4 structures are activated during REM sleep? | amygdala, pontine tegmentum, anterior cingulate ctx, parahippocampal gyrus |
caffeine blocks what type of receptors? | adenosine |
adenosine comes from metabolism of... | ATP |
GABA & galanin lead to decreased production of which 2 substances? | hypocretin, histamine |
which area has a large # of adenosine receptors? | VLH |
what happens to rats injected with PCPA? | rapid loss of serotonin, immediately lose ability to sleep |
the elderly get less of which 2 stages of sleep? | SWS & REM |
consequence of short-term sleep deprivation | REM rebound |
describe sleep deprivation's affect on body weight & food intake | food intake increases, body weight decreases |
how long can someone live without sleep? | death occurs around day 28 in experimental subjects |
orexin is involved in maintaining ____ ______ | body weight |
why does body weight decrease while food intake increases in sleep deprived subjects? | body is unable to maintain body temp, thereby inhibiting the ability to maintain body metabolism |
describe body temp of insomniacs | their lowest body temp during the night is equal to the highest body temp of a normal sleeper |
insomnia suggests problems with which 3 structures? | habenula, hypothalamus, pineal gland |
how do sleeping pills effect patients immediately sfter starting treatment? | normal REM sleep, disrupted SWS |
describe sleep cycles of chronic sleeping pill users | REM & SWS are absent |
what happens when someone discontinues use of sleeping pills? | major REM rebound, then increase in SWS |
describe obstructive sleep apnea | virtually no REM/SWS sleep because every time they fall asleep, their airway closes and they must either wakeup of suffocate |
what is the treatment for obstructive sleep apnea? | CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure keeps airway open with face mask |
describe narcolepsy | wakefulness, sudden drop into SWS |
what causes narcolepsy? | deficient or dysfunctional tubular mamillary neurons |
define somnambulism | sleep-walking/talking/sex/driving |
when does somnambulism occur? | SWS |
somnabulism is what type of problem? | moto-cortical |
4 circadian rhthym sleep disorders | delayed sleep phase, advanced sleep phase, non-24 hour sleep wake syndrome, situational circadian rhythm disorder |
delayed sleep phase disorder | sleep later every day |
advance sleep phase disorder | sleep earlier every day |
non-24 hour sleep wake syndrome | short/long circadian rhythm |
situational circadian rhythm disorder | shift work disorder, changing circadian rhythm |
2 psychological sleep disorders | night terrors, somniphobia |
night terrors | abrupt terrified/agitated awakening from sleep |
somniphobia | fear/dread of sleeping |
hypopnea | abnormally shallow breathing or slow respiratory rate while sleeping |
parasomnia | disruptive inappropriate actions during sleep |
bruxism | teeth clenching/grinding |
periodic limb movement disorder | involuntary movement of arms/legs |
restless leg syndrome | irresistible urge to move legs |