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sleeping/waking
intergrative neuroscience
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how long are infradian cycles? | more than a day |
| how long are circadian cycles? | about a day |
| how long are untradian cycles? | less than a day |
| 4 examples of untradian cycles | feeding, respiration, heart rate, nerve impulse discharge |
| 4 examples of circadian cycles | sleeping/waking, body temp, body electrolytes, some hormones |
| 4 examples of infradian cycles | lifespan, menstrual cycle, seasonal variations, development & aging |
| awake with eyes open produces what type of EEG waves? | beta |
| awake with eyes closed produces what type of EEG waves? | alpha |
| what percent of the sleep cycle is spent in stage 1? | 4-5% |
| describe stage 1 sleep | light, muscle activity slows, occasional muscle twitching |
| what percent of the sleep cycle is spent in stage 2? | 45-55% |
| what percent of the sleep cycle is spent in stage 3? | 4-5% |
| what percent of the sleep cycle is spent in stage 4? | 12-15% |
| what percent of the sleep cycle is spent in stage 5? | 20-25% |
| describe stage 2 sleep | breathing pattern & heart rate slows, slight decrease in body temp |
| at what stage does deep sleep begin? | 3 |
| which 2 stages of sleep are referred to as the sleep spindle? | 2 & 3 |
| stage 4 of the sleep cycle is known as... | slow wave sleep |
| stage 4 produces which type of EEG waves? | delta (high amplitude) |
| which sleep stage is characterized by very deep, rhythmic breathing and limited muscle activity? | 4 |
| stage 5 of the sleep cycle is known as... | REM/ paradoxical sleep |
| describe EEG waves of stage 5 sleep | low frequency, they look like that of someone who is awake |
| describe stage 5 sleep | rapid eye movement, brainwaves speed up, muscles relax, heart rate increase, breathing is rapid & shallow |
| during which stage does the brain begin to produce slow delta waves? | 3 |
| during which stage does dreaming occur? | 5 |
| when is the lowest level of energy consumption during the sleep/wake cycle? | SWS, non-REM sleep |
| sleep allows us to build up cellular stores of... | ATP |
| which nuclei are responsible for inhibiting muscle activity during REM sleep? | pedunculopontine |
| location of pedunculopontine nuclei | reticular formation |
| function of pedunculopontine nuclei | activate sensory thalamic nuclei & Renshaw cells in spinal cord |
| memory is affected by lack of which type of sleep? | REM |
| which 2 stages of the sleep/wake cycle are low voltage & mixed frequency? | 1 & 5 |
| during which stage are sleep spindles & K complexes found? | 2 |
| stage 3 sleep has mostly ____ voltages | slow |
| describe oral melatonin's effect on the normal sleep cycle | it can be disruptive |
| when does peak melatonin production occur? | several hours after being asleep, when body temperature is lowest |
| HAB projects to which gland? | pineal |
| PVN helps regulate _____ behavior | feeding |
| HAB is involved in _____ secretion | melatonin |
| which 2 cortices are inactivated during REM sleep | dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior cingulate |
| which 4 structures are activated during REM sleep? | amygdala, pontine tegmentum, anterior cingulate ctx, parahippocampal gyrus |
| caffeine blocks what type of receptors? | adenosine |
| adenosine comes from metabolism of... | ATP |
| GABA & galanin lead to decreased production of which 2 substances? | hypocretin, histamine |
| which area has a large # of adenosine receptors? | VLH |
| what happens to rats injected with PCPA? | rapid loss of serotonin, immediately lose ability to sleep |
| the elderly get less of which 2 stages of sleep? | SWS & REM |
| consequence of short-term sleep deprivation | REM rebound |
| describe sleep deprivation's affect on body weight & food intake | food intake increases, body weight decreases |
| how long can someone live without sleep? | death occurs around day 28 in experimental subjects |
| orexin is involved in maintaining ____ ______ | body weight |
| why does body weight decrease while food intake increases in sleep deprived subjects? | body is unable to maintain body temp, thereby inhibiting the ability to maintain body metabolism |
| describe body temp of insomniacs | their lowest body temp during the night is equal to the highest body temp of a normal sleeper |
| insomnia suggests problems with which 3 structures? | habenula, hypothalamus, pineal gland |
| how do sleeping pills effect patients immediately sfter starting treatment? | normal REM sleep, disrupted SWS |
| describe sleep cycles of chronic sleeping pill users | REM & SWS are absent |
| what happens when someone discontinues use of sleeping pills? | major REM rebound, then increase in SWS |
| describe obstructive sleep apnea | virtually no REM/SWS sleep because every time they fall asleep, their airway closes and they must either wakeup of suffocate |
| what is the treatment for obstructive sleep apnea? | CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure keeps airway open with face mask |
| describe narcolepsy | wakefulness, sudden drop into SWS |
| what causes narcolepsy? | deficient or dysfunctional tubular mamillary neurons |
| define somnambulism | sleep-walking/talking/sex/driving |
| when does somnambulism occur? | SWS |
| somnabulism is what type of problem? | moto-cortical |
| 4 circadian rhthym sleep disorders | delayed sleep phase, advanced sleep phase, non-24 hour sleep wake syndrome, situational circadian rhythm disorder |
| delayed sleep phase disorder | sleep later every day |
| advance sleep phase disorder | sleep earlier every day |
| non-24 hour sleep wake syndrome | short/long circadian rhythm |
| situational circadian rhythm disorder | shift work disorder, changing circadian rhythm |
| 2 psychological sleep disorders | night terrors, somniphobia |
| night terrors | abrupt terrified/agitated awakening from sleep |
| somniphobia | fear/dread of sleeping |
| hypopnea | abnormally shallow breathing or slow respiratory rate while sleeping |
| parasomnia | disruptive inappropriate actions during sleep |
| bruxism | teeth clenching/grinding |
| periodic limb movement disorder | involuntary movement of arms/legs |
| restless leg syndrome | irresistible urge to move legs |
Created by:
amberlieskye
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