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eating/drinking
intergrative neuroscience
Question | Answer |
---|---|
osmoreceptors & neuropeptides that control osmoregulation are released in what part of the brain? | hypothalamus |
describe the anatomical approach for studying brain-behavioral relations | invasive, involves tearing the brain apart post-mortem |
what are spatial target lesions used for? | to infer function of specific brain region |
cellular target lesions allows for more specific... | removal of neurons |
describe excitotoxic cellular target lesions | high levels of excitatory NTs to provoke apoptosis |
3 types of electrical stimulation used to study brain | in situ, afferent & efferent |
what is genetic stimulation used for? | regulate genetic transformation into proteins |
fMRIs are not entirely accurate unless there is a correlation drawn between which 2 things? | activity recorded on fMRI and an actual increase/decrease in firing of neurons in that area |
thirst: homeostasis of ________ | osmolarity |
neurons can't live without functional ____ ______ | cell membranes |
an ionic pump for a cell membrane sets up what? | a concentration gradient |
result of saline infusion | thirst |
Imbalanced osmolarity can cause.... | disruption of cell membranes |
what does angiotensin II signal to the body? | thirst |
angiotensin II antagonists block.. | thirst |
what enzyme concerning thirst does the kidneys produce? | renin |
how do the kidneys know how much renin to produce? | by the amount of fluid flowing through them |
the liver secretes which enzyme? | angiotensinogen |
angiotensinogen reacts with with enzyme after leaving the liver? | renin |
what happens when angiotensinogen reacts with renin? | it is converted to angiotensin I |
which organ converts angiotensin I to angiontensin II? | lungs |
where is angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) produced? | lungs |
angiotensin II targets which system? what is the result? | vascular system, causing vasocontsriction |
vasoconstriction | narrowing of blood vessels |
effect of angiotensin II on brain? | tells us that we are thirsty |
after angiotensin reaches brain, what is released? | vasopressin |
effect of vasopressin on vascular system | increase in blood pressure, blood vessels constrict further |
effect of vasopressin on kidneys | increase in H2O retention (suppresses need to urinate) |
angiotensin II also targets the cortex of _______ | adrenals |
results of angiotensin to acting on adrenal cortex (2) | release of aldosterone, increase in Na+ retention |
4 regions with high angiotensin II receptors | area postrema, subcommissural organ, subfornical organ, hypothalamus |
location of area postrema | reticular portion of brain stem, immediately adjacent to 4th ventricle |
location of subcommissural organ | between commissure of 2 hemisphere |
location of subfornical organ | below fornix |
4 hypothalamic regions with angiotensin II receptors | Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), Preoptic nucleus (PON), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), lateral hypothalamus |
OVLT receives input from what brain region? | amygdala |
location of preoptic nucleus | in front of optic nerve |
location of paraventricular nucleus | around 3rd ventricle |
largest hypothalamic region w/ angiotensin II receptors | lateral hypothalamus |
hypothalamic region w/ high concentration of angiotensin II receptors | area postrema |
3 types of spatial target lesions | knife cuts, aspiration, radio-frequency |
3 types of cellular target lesions | excitotoxic, neurotoxic, knockout mutants |
6 types of chemical stimulation | peripheral stimuli, ionic, agonists, antagonists, extracellular mediators, intrecellular messengers |
3 types of extracellular recording | field potentials, multi-unit, single unit |
2 types of intracellular recording | voltage clamp & current clamp |
2 types of whole cell patch recording | voltage clamp & current clamp |
3 types of single-channel patch recording | inside out, outside in, cell attached |
define edema | too much fluid in tissues |
possible result of edema | cellular rupture |
hypothalamic regulation of appetite concerns how many nuclei so far? | 67 |
3 areas of hypothalamic regulation of appetite | LH, VMH, DMH |
6 hypothalamic nuclei associated with regulation of appetite | OVLT, preoptic, paraventricular, arcuate, tubero-mammillary, SCN |
effects of a VMH lesion on a rat | lack of motivation --> will drown if placed in water, will not move if placed in irregular body postures |
problem with lesion studies | 1. When you damage an area, you not only damage that are, but anything that has axons passing through that area. |
median forebrain bundle is main source of which NT? | dopamine |
main function of ventral medial hypothalamus | food intake vs. body weight balance |
someone with a VMH lesion will become... | hyperphagic, obese |
hyperphagic | "set point" of how much food to intake is changed, subject eats much more than normal |
someone with an LH lesion will become... | hypophagic |
upper stomach distension inhibits ______ release | ghrelin |
which substance is released in increasing amounts as your stomach becomes less full? | ghrelin |
ghrelin crosses the ____-____ _____ to stimulate release of which neuropeptide? | blood-brain barrier, neuropeptide-Y |
where is neuropeptide-Y released? what is the result? | lateral hypothalamus, stimulates eating |
where is leptin released? | adipose tissue |
leptin inhbits release of.... | NPY on lateral hypothalamus |
leptin increases release of which hormone? | melanocyte stimulating hormone |
where is MSH released? | arcuate nucleus |
MSH stimulates which sensation? where? | satiety, ventral medial hypothalamus |
where is hypocretin/orexin released? | lateral hypothalamus |
ghrelin release stimulates _____ release | orexin |
which 2 substances inhibit orexin release? | leptin, glucose |
PVN is involved in which 2 functions? | circadian rhythm of eating, food intake |
before body temp rises, the temp rises of which brain region? | hypothalamus |
why is the rising of body temp beneficial? | it assists immune system in fighting off infection |
areas with angiotensin receptors have weak what? | blood-brain barriers |